Flora of Sumatra: Vascular plant collection of selected families deposited at Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA)

Study Extent

The collections hosted at the Herbarium ANDA were from research projects of faculties, foreign researchers, and students at the university. The collecting methods were using the standard collecting method for dried specimens. A few donated specimens were collected based on the collecting method used at the institutions from the specimen originated. The duplicates of the specimens were hosted across several herbarium, such as Bogoriense (BO), Singapore Botanical Garden (SING), and Botanical Garden of Edinburgh (E). The duplicate specimens that have not been sent were hosted at a designated room for duplicate specimens at the Herbarium ANDA. Every year, we add around 200 sheets of new specimens into the herbarium.

Sampling

The collecting method for the dried specimens was referred to published procedures of preparing herbarium materials (Bridson and Forman,1992). The plant materials were collected and pressed in the field then mounted on an A2 paper after the specimens were dried. Before installation into the herbarium cabinets, the specimens were put into plastic bags. Every sheet of specimens was labeled with the standard information for herbarium collections, including taxonomic identification, locality information, geo-references, collector information, and ecological data. For insect control, we freeze the specimens periodically in -20 degrees Celsius freezer for 72 hours. All of the specimens were stored in the herbarium cabinets. The storage rooms were equipped with temperature and humidity control. All of the specimens were in alphabetical orders based on the families, grouped in several groups of plants, such as dicots, monocots, ferns, and mosses.

Quality Control

We divided our working groups into two groups: a) taxonomic determination or identification group and b) data geo-referencing group. For taxonomic determination, the identification was verified by experts on the designated taxa, and also was using book references for the taxa (Ashton, 1982; Van Der Meijden, 1984; Kalkman, 1993; Shaw, 1981). The experts are writers and researchers for the area of studies and have published using the materials at the Herbarium ANDA (Utami, 2006; Hughes, 2009, 2015, Hernawati, 2006). The datum references for each coordinate were collected from the specimen labels using the WGS84 standard. If the coordinate of the locations was not recorded on the labels, we used Google Map to obtain the coordinate based on the locality information of the villages recorded on the labels.

Method steps

1. The information on the specimen labels is our main data source. For data collection, we conducted in three steps: data capture, data cleaning, and data publication. In the data capture process, we collected all the information on the specimen’s label, and we input the information into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets using Darwin-Core format. In this process, we grouped the specimen information into three groups, consisting of data occurrence, taxon information, and event. We save the file in csv (comma-separated values) format. We included specimen photos and scanning data into the database incorporated in associateMedia field. All the images were stored in flickr-pro media, which then will link with the filed in the dataset. We conducted data cleaning to ensure consistency and standardized data input for the dataset. We used OpenRefine for batch error handling, Canadensys tools for coordinate conversion, and Splink for coordinate verification. To verify the taxonomic nomenclature, we used resolver, iPlant collaborative, ECAT, and Plant list. All the tools we used are open-source software or available as an open online platform. Data publication includes data publishing on GBIF and scientific papers. We published all the dataset that has been cleaned and verified according to our standard on GBIF website using Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) available through the link http://ipt.biologi.lipi.go.id/. After verified by GBIF, all the data will be published under the publisher Herbarium of Andalas University, available through the link https://www.gbif.org/publisher/43f4255c-f218-4a17-857a-ba3ac8456191. The data paper is written following the metadata template available in the IPT. For scientific papers, we will publish the data following the targeted journal format.

We have digitized 13,568 sheets of specimens in the group of Magnoliopsida. All of the specimens are in the class Equisetopsida, consisting of 15 families: Fagaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Balsaminaceae, Begoniaceae, Symplocaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapotaceae, Rosaceae, Nepenthaceae, Polygalaceae, Gesneriaceae, Pandaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Putranjivaceae, and Chrysobalanaceae. In total, we have digitized 374 species in 85 genera from all the families. The most digitized genera are in the family Euphorbiaceae. Among all of the species that have been digitized, 76 species are listed in IUCN Redlist database, consisting of Least Concern (38 species), Vulnerable (9 species), Near Threatened (4 species), Critically Endangered (12 species), and Endangered (13 species) (IUCN, 2018). Furthermore, 20 species are listed as protected species under the government regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (P.92/MENLHK/SETJEN/KUM.1/8/2018). Among all the species that have been digitized, 40 species are endemic to Sumatra.

1. Balsaminaceae
   common name: Jewelweed rank: family
2. Begoniaceae
   common name: Begonia rank: family
3. Chrysobalanaceae
   common name: Maranthes rank: family
4. Dipterocarpaceae
   common name: Keruing rank: family
5. Euphorbiaceae
   common name: Cooper leaf rank: family
6. Fagaceae
   common name: Oak rank: family
7. Gesneriaceae
   common name: Mapele rank: family
8. Nepenthaceae
   common name: Pitcher plant rank: family
9. Pandaceae
   common name: Kayu busih rank: family
10. Phyllanthaceae
    common name: Andarupis rank: family
11. Polygalaceae
    common name: Sasapuan rank: family
12. Putranjivaceae
    common name: Bintang mabas rank: family
13. Rosaceae
    common name: Rose rank: family
14. Sapotaceae
    common name: Manatu rank: family
15. Symplocaceae
    common name: Asiatic sweetleaf rank: family
16. Acalypha
    common name: Cooper leaf rank: genus
17. Agrostistachys
    common name: Gelimtum rank: genus
18. Alchornea
    common name: Khang poi rank: genus
19. Aleurites
    common name: Bunsangil rank: genus
20. Anisoptera
    common name: Keruing rank: genus
21. Baccaurea
    common name: Belembik rank: genus
22. Baliospermum
    common name: Neruvam rank: genus
23. Begonia
    common name: Begonia rank: genus
24. Bischofia
    common name: Java cedar rank: genus
25. Breynia
    common name: Fart bush rank: genus
26. Bridelia
    common name: Kanidei rank: genus
27. Castanopsis
    common name: Malayan chestnut rank: genus
28. Cephalomappa
    common name: Bantas rank: genus
29. Chrysophyllum
    common name: Caimito rank: genus
30. Claoxylon
    common name: Gispang rank: genus
31. Cleistanthus
    common name: Komuning rank: genus
32. Cnesmone
    common name: Loti sorot rank: genus
33. Codiaeum
    common name: Puring rank: genus
34. Croton
    common name: Balek puteh rank: genus
35. Cyrtandra
    common name: Mapele rank: genus
36. Cyrtandromoea
    rank: genus
37. Didissandra
    common name: Tarom hutan rank: genus
38. Didymocarpus
    common name: Dwarf chirita rank: genus
39. Dipterocarpus
    common name: Keruing rank: genus
40. Drypetes
    common name: Bintang babas rank: genus
41. Duchesnea
    common name: Indian strawberry rank: genus
42. Endospermum
    common name: Antah bulan rank: genus
43. Epithema
    common name: Fleshy epthema rank: genus
44. Eriobotrya
    common name: Berry rank: genus
45. Euphorbia
    common name: Fire plant rank: genus
46. Flueggea
    common name: Patala rank: genus
47. Ganua
    common name: Ganua rank: genus
48. Glochidion
    common name: Sakah-sakah rank: genus
49. Hancea
    common name: Enserai rank: genus
50. Henckelia
    common name: Bracted stone flower rank: genus
51. Hevea
    common name: Rubber rank: genus
52. Homalanthus
    common name: Bangki rank: genus
53. Homonoia
    common name: Willow leaved water croton rank: genus
54. Hopea
    common name: Merawan rank: genus
55. Hura
    common name: Sandbox tree rank: genus
56. Hydrocera
    common name: Marsh Henna rank: genus
57. Impatiens
    common name: Jewelweed rank: genus
58. Jatropa
    common name: Physic nut rank: genus
59. Lithocarpus
    common name: Tanoak rank: genus
60. Loxocarpus
    common name: Gesneria rank: genus
61. Loxonia
    rank: genus
62. Macaranga
    common name: Mahang rank: genus
63. Madhuca
    common name: Manatu rank: genus
64. Mallotus
    common name: Balik angin rank: genus
65. Manihot
    common name: Cassava rank: genus
66. Manilkara
    common name: Chikoo rank: genus
67. Megistostigma
    common name: Megistostigma rank: genus
68. Mimusops
    common name: Tanjung rank: genus
69. Monophyllaea
    common name: Tongkat ali rank: genus
70. Nepenthes
    common name: Pitcher rank: genus
71. Palaquium
    common name: Nato nasi rank: genus
72. Paraboea
    rank: genus
73. Parashorea
    common name: White meranti rank: genus
74. Payena
    common name: Bee taul rank: genus
75. Phyllanthus
    common name: Meniran rank: genus
76. Planchonella
    common name: Nyatoh nangka merah rank: genus
77. Pleionuma
    rank: genus
78. Polygala
    common name: Sasapuan rank: genus
79. Prunus
    common name: Janteli rank: genus
80. Quercus
    common name: Oak rank: genus
81. Rhaphiolepis
    common name: Snow maiden rank: genus
82. Rhynchoglossum
    common name: Malayalam rank: genus
83. Rhynchotechum
    common name: Assamese rank: genus
84. Ricinus
    common name: Castor rank: genus
85. Rosa
    rank: genus
86. Rubus
    common name: Berete rank: genus
87. Sauropus
    common name: Katoei rank: genus
88. Shorea
    common name: Meranti rank: genus
89. Sorbus
    common name: Berry rank: genus
90. Streptocarpus
    common name: Beef tongue rank: genus
91. Suregada
    common name: Suregada rank: genus
92. Symplocos
    rank: genus
93. Trigonobalanus
    common name: Trig oak rank: genus
94. Trigonostemon
    common name: Jingah tulang tiga rank: genus
95. Vatica
    common name: Meranti rank: genus
96. Xanthophyllum
    common name: Nyalin rank: genus
97. Antidesma
    common name: Buah jerawai rank: genus
98. Aporosa
    common name: Kumpang rank: genus
99. Galearia
    rank: genus
100. Maranthes
     common name: Maranthes rank: genus

The specimens hosted at the Herbarium of Andalas University (ANDA) are primarily from Sumatra. With 473,481 km² in size, the island is the sixth biggest island in the world. It is tropical island located at the coordinate 0° 0′ 0″ N, 102° 0′ 0″ E. The specimens hosted at the herbarium were from several provinces, such as West Sumatra, Jambi, Riau, North Sumatra, Aceh, Bengkulu and Lampung. In addition, the herbarium also hosts several specimens from West Java, Selangor Malaysia, and Kagoshima Prefecture Japan. All of these specimens were donated by foreign plant researchers visiting the herbarium. The specimens were also collected from conservation areas on Sumatra, such as the Kerinci Seblat National Park, Siberut National Park, Lembah Harau Nature Reserve, Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve, Lurah Berangin Nature Reserve, Bung Hatta Forest Park Conservation Area, and Syarif Hasyim Forest Park Conservation Area. All of the collections were collected from wide range of altitudinal elevations and habitats, from lowland tropical forest up to highland forest as well as montane forest on the Bukit Barisan Mountains. In general, the collections were from volcanoes on Sumatra, such as Mt. Sibayak, Mt. Sinabung, Mt. Sorik Merapi, Mt. Pangulubao, Mt. Sibuatan, Mt. Talamau, Mt. Sago, Mt. Marapi, Mt. Singgalang, Mt. Tandikek, Mt. Gadut, Mt. Talang, Mt. Tujuh, Mt. Kerinci, Mt. Pesagi.