BOS Arthropod Collection of University of Oviedo (Spain): Opiliones unplanned collection events subset

Izaskun Merino Sáinz

doi:10.15468/wyp1cu

BOS Arthropod Collection of University of Oviedo (Spain): Opiliones unplanned collection events subset

Citation

Merino Sáinz I, Torralba-Burrial A (2018). BOS Arthropod Collection of University of Oviedo (Spain): Opiliones unplanned collection events subset. Version 1.5. Department of Organisms and Systems Biology. University of Oviedo. Metadata dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/wyp1cu accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-11-04.

Description

In this study, we analyse the relevance of harvestmen distribution data derived from opportunistic, unplanned, and non-standardised collection events in an area in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Using specimens deposited in the BOS Arthropod Collection at the University of Oviedo, we compared these data with data from planned, standardised, and periodic collections with pitfall traps in several locations in the same area. The Arthropod Collection, begun in 1977, includes specimens derived from both sampling types, and its recent digitisation allows for this type of comparative analysis. Therefore, this is the first data-paper employing a hybrid approach, wherein subset metadata are described alongside a comparative analysis. The full dataset can be accessed through Spanish GBIF IPT at http://www.gbif.es:8080/ipt/archive.do?r=Bos-Opi, and the metadata of the unplanned collection events at http://www.gbif.es:8080/ipt/resource.do?r=bos-opi_unplanned_collection_events. We have mapped the data on the 18 harvestmen species included in the unplanned collections and provided records for some species in six provinces for the first time. We have also provided the locations of Phalangium opilio in eight provinces without published records. These results highlight the importance of digitising data from unplanned biodiversity collections, as well as those derived from planned collections, especially in scarcely studied groups and areas.

Purpose

Existing knowledge on the distribution of harvestmen throughout the Iberian Peninsula is still highly fragmented (Prieto 2003). Several studies on particular genera (e.g., Prieto 2004, Prieto and Fernández 2007, Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013a), as well as studies with planned, repeated, and systematic samplings in some locations (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008, 2013, Rosa García et al. 2009a,b, 2010a,b, Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013b) have contributed to improving this knowledge. Global or specific studies on biodiversity are also enabled by the review, digitisation, and data release of specimens housed in biodiversity collections at research centers, universities, museums, and in the possession of individuals. These practices facilitate the identification of gaps in our knowledge of taxa distribution across space and time. Within this context, biodiversity data on specimens from the BOS Arthropod Collection (hosted at the Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, (Spanish acronym BOS), University of Oviedo) are being digitised and the data released through the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) data-portal (Department information as data published and available datasets: http://www.gbif.org/publisher/95cb537c-74c5-4c1e-ae24-32e7ea08f380; general digitisation and data release workflow of the BOS Arthropod Collection: Torralba-Burrial and Ocharan 2013). However, there is a need to establish priorities in the digitisation of specimens data of biodiversity collections (see Berents et al. 2010 for different approaches), especially in situations where mass digitisation methods are not available (see Beaman and Cellinese 2012). As such, we evaluate whether the effort of reviewing and digitising (harvestmen) specimens from unplanned collection events can provide useful data on their biodiversity and distribution, or whether it is better to limit digitisation to only those specimens associated with standardised samplings (planned collection events), which provide quantitative data in each location and allow for comparisons between locations over time. The BOS Arthropod Collection includes harvestmen from the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula that, since 1977, have been obtained through systematic repeated sampling in several locations, as well as through non-harvestmen-specific sampling and accidental occurrences. Specimens were collected systematically from the Muniellos Biosphere Reserve between 2000 and 2002 (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008), and from several locations in the provinces of Asturias, Cantabria, and Pontevedra between 2009 and 2011 (Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c describe the harvestmen subcollection of BOS). Therefore, we decided to study and compare the data derived from unplanned collections events (untargeted sampling) with these data derived from planned, standardised, and periodic sampling. We have combined these analyses with the published results of similar studies using pitfall traps in western Asturias (Rosa García et al. 2009a,b, 2010a,b). In effect, this is the first data-paper to employ a hybrid approach, wherein the subset metadata from a large published dataset are described and a comparative analysis is carried out, in order to evaluate digitisation priorities. The aims of this paper are, thus, to 1) test whether the effort of reviewing and digitising (harvestmen) specimens from unplanned collection events can provide useful data about their distribution and biology, and 2) assess possible biases arising from the use of this type of data.

Sampling Description

Study Extent

Harvestmen specimens included in the subset came from different localities in the Iberian Peninsula, at different distances from one another, and were collected at different dates between 1977 and 2011. Nonetheless, most of them came from the north of the Iberian Peninsula, and all of them came from the northern half (see Figure 1). The heterogeneity of the localities, most of which are only represented by a single sample or even only an isolated specimen, means that a general list of localities is not useful to short data exposition; rather, the locations are listed beside each specimen in Appendix A (supplementary file http://hdl.handle.net/10651/24734). Harvestmen data obtained through planned collection using pitfall traps and deposited in the BOS Arthropod Collection included specimens collected from the Muniellos Biosphere Reserve between 2000 and 2002 (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008) and from several locations in the provinces of Asturias (Muros, Oviedo, Villar), Cantabria (Vioño) and Pontevedra (Panjón) collected between 2009 and 2011 (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013, Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c). We also referred to published results of standardised pitfall samplings in western Asturias (Illano: Rosa García et al. 2009a,b, 2010a,b) for comparison purposes, as they were collected from the same areas (see Figure 1).

Sampling

We studied a data subset of the harvestmen specimens in the BOS Arthropod Collection at the University of Oviedo that had been directly collected (by hand) on entomological field trips by students and lecturers from this department (listed in Appendix A, supplementary file http://hdl.handle.net/10651/24734, beside each specimen). This subset also included our own data obtained using diverse methods—collecting directly by hand, beating vegetation over an upturned umbrella, and using Berlese funnels, light traps, Malaise traps, and sieves; only 6% of collections used pitfall traps. Therefore, the specimens included in this study did not derive from harvestmen-targeted research projects, theses, or historical collections, but were collected at random with no prior sampling design.

Quality Control

Taxonomic identification Specimens were identified by I. Merino-Sáinz using an Olympus SZX-ILLK200 stereoscopic microscope and the appropriate literature (Dresco 1948, 1954, Kraus 1961, Rambla 1959, 1965, 1973, 1976, 1980a,b, 1985, 1986, Sankey and Savory 1974, Martens 1978, 1982, Feliú 1981, Prieto 1990, 2004, Stol 2005, Pinto-Da-Rocha et al. 2007, Prieto and Fernández 2007, and Murienne and Giribet 2009). Digitisation quality control The data quality control measures adopted throughout the digitisation process were described in the data-paper of the full dataset (Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c) and in the digitisation workflow explication in Torralba-Burrial and Ocharan (2013). These controls included the validation and cleaning of geographic, taxonomic, and additional data associated with the harvestmen specimens (Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c).

Method steps

This data subset was extracted from the large dataset of harvestmen in the BOS Arthropod Collection (University of Oviedo 2013-). Specimens data in the subset are listed in Appendix A (supplementary file http://hdl.handle.net/10651/24734), which includes the municipality, location, date, sampling method, amount, sex, and collector of the 536 taxonomically identified specimens corresponding to BOS-Opi codes 493-960. Using these codes, most of the specimen data (including their georeferenced locations) are available in reusable format in the DarwinCore Archive of the data-paper describing the BOS-Opi subcollection (Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c) and through the GBIF data-portal (Universidad de Oviedo 2013-, http://data.gbif.org/datasets/resource/15038). Bibliographic records on each harvestmen taxon (except O. spinosus) are listed in Merino-Sáinz and Anadón (2008, 2013) and Merino-Sáinz et al. (2013a). In the faunistic analysis, each species was considered in accordance with its general distribution as Iberian endemic, European element, or Holarctic element (see Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008). Specimens identified as Trogulus nepaeformis belong to a related undescribed species probably endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, according to Schönhofer and Martens (2010). However, distribution data on this undescribed species are not available; thus, the chorological type (European element) is retained to compare data with previous articles (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008, 2013) and to test whether biases exist. We conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis (group average clustering algorithm, see algorithm choice discussion in Clarke and Gorley 2006) on similarity matrices, in order to compare this subset with the data obtained through planned, standardised, and periodic samplings using pitfall traps in several locations in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). The inventory of each locality included all of the harvestmen species sampled using the pitfall traps in that locality; subset inventory included all of the harvestmen species present in the unplanned events collection. Only qualitative data on species presence, rather than abundance data, were used in the analysis, and the similarity matrices were calculated using a species-presence Sørensen index (Sørensen 1948) (only positive results, i.e., species present in a pair of inventories, incremental similarity between inventories, species absent from both inventories -double negative- don’t). Data were not standardised through sampling efforts, because the aims of the analysis were to compare the results of standardised sampling data with unplanned sampling data employing very different sampling and identification efforts. The analysis was carried out using the PRIMER V6 software (Clarke and Gorley 2006).

Additional info

Noteworthy records In Figure 3, we have mapped the locations where each harvestmen species was found (listed in Appendix A, supplementary file http://hdl.handle.net/10651/24734), in order to facilitate rapid graphic assessment. These records do not increase the harvestmen checklists for the provinces of Asturias and Cantabria (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013), where planned, periodic, and standardised harvestmen-targeted sampling using pitfall traps have been carried out. However, the first records of five species are provided for other provinces that do not have this type of periodic targeted samplings. Table 2 lists the provinces with records for each species in this subset, indicating the first provincial records with an asterisk. Odiellus spinosus is thus recorded for the first time in the provinces of León and Burgos. In Asturias, this species was found in Illano (Rosa García et al. 2009a,b, 2010a,b), but was absent in the pitfall samplings from Muniellos (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008) and Central Asturias (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Endemic Odiellus seoanei was confirmed in Cantabria with the detection of a male specimen. Previously, there had only been a single, old data record by Fernández-Galiano (1910) based on one immature specimen; that record was questionable due to the variability in taxonomic characters of immature Odiellus (Santos et al. 2008). The first finding of Leiobunum rotundum in Palencia was not surprising, as this European species is widespread throughout the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Prieto and Fernández 2007); its absence in this province can be attributed instead to the shortage of data on Iberian harvestmen. Similar circumstances explain the first record of Leiobunum blackwalli in Orense; this species is widespread in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, with records in the neighbouring Portuguese districts of Vila Real and Bragança (Prieto and Fernández 2007). The fact that this data subset includes the first records of Phalangium opilio in eight provinces is another example of the scarcity of data on harvestmen throughout the Iberian Peninsula. P. opilio is a Holarctic species distributed throughout the peninsula from Galicia to Catalonia, with records in Portugal, Central Spain, and the Balearic Island (Kraus 1961), although specific information is lacking for several provinces. Therefore, it is safe to state that the digitisation of such unplanned collections has the potential to address existing gaps in knowledge. The data subset also includes several records older than the first published records of some species in Asturias and Cantabria provinces, confirm earlier studies. Thus, we provide older records for three harvestmen species (M. diadema, H. laranderas, and P. agrestis) first reported in Asturias in 2008 (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2008) and for another two species reported in the same paper, though erroneously identified (O. simplicipes specimens formerly identified as O. ruentalis, and O. seoanei specimens formerly identified as O. spinosus; see Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Moreover, one H. laranderas female from Cantabria with data collected in 1982 was included (the first record in this province dates from 2009: Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Are there biases? In the area covered by this data subset of Opiliones, systematic sampling has been conducted in seven localities; therefore, this subset should include the species caught in these samples (see Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). The composition and frequency of species in this unplanned, non-harvestmen-targeted subset with no sampling design show differences from the data derived from periodic pitfall sampling in the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Rambla 1985, Rosa García et al. 2009a,b, 2010a,b, Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Since specimens were collected directly by hand, it was possible to obtain information about the habitat choice and habitat use of several harvestmen species, for which there was scarce data from pitfall traps. Table 3 shows that this subset of unplanned collection events, with a similar number of specimens, includes only one species fewer than the systematic study on Opiliones from the Muniellos Biosphere Reserve (Merino Sainz and Anadón 2008, 2009), the richest inventory of available studies on the area (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Therefore, the unplanned collection events subset contains more species than any other listed study excluding Muniellos, even though the number of specimens is less than any of them by an order of magnitude. The next subset in the number of species, Oviedo, comprises 16 species with 15 times more studied specimens (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Species richness and identity make this subset more similar to the inventories from Oviedo and Muniellos than to the remainder (see Figure 4). The differences with respect to the Muniellos Biosphere Reserve inventory are, on the one hand, the absence of three species—Hadziana clavigera (Simon), Sabacon franzi Roewer, and Oligolophus hanseni (Kraepelin)—from this subset and, on the other hand, the absence of H. quadridentatus, D. ramosus, and O. spinosus from Muniellos (specimens identified as O. spinosus in Muniellos are currently considered to belong to O. Seoanei: Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). Differences with respect to the Oviedo inventory are due to four species that were not located in planned collection events using pitfall traps (Paramiopsalis sp., D. ramosus, O. spinosus, and M. diadema); the last one might be present in the area according to its distribution and habitat preferences (see Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013b). S. franzi and H. clavigera were likewise located in planned collection events in Oviedo. S. franzi was also located with systematic standardised sampling in Muros and Illano; it coexists in the latter location with Paroligolophus meadii (O.P.-Cambridge), O. hansenii, and Iberosiro sp. Bivort and Giribert, without data in this digitised subset. All species collected in the other locations using standardised sampling protocols were also included in this general subset. These results also show that some taxa are not usually found in non-harvestmen-targeted (or soil entomofauna-targeted) samplings; this was the case for small, inconspicuous species that occupy edaphic niches throughout their entire life cycle (see previous comments on absent species). Instead, other species were better represented and appeared more frequently in the present subset, for example, large species with long legs and arboreal or shrub habits, at least during the adult phase. Taxa with these features comprised almost 56% of the species in this data subset, including the three most frequently captured species. Thus, the major abundance of adult specimens of Ph. opilio, L. rotundum and L. blackwalli in the subset would be in line with observations in other geographic areas about vertical migration patterns throughout their life cycle (Todd 1949, Williams 1962, Allard and Yeargan 2005). The higher relative frequency of adults in these species is related to the use of active sampling methods, given that harvestmen spend more time in higher vegetation strata during their adult phase and are larger and more conspicuous than the immature specimens that predominate in soil and pitfall traps (e.g. Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013). However, H. laranderas and T. sp. aff. nepaeformis are linked to edaphic habitats throughout their entire life cycle and present a cryptic coloration; each one species represents 4-5% of the specimens in this subset, occupying the fourth and fifth positions in the list of species in terms of the number of specimens collected (Table 1). These biases are due to the differences in body size and life history of each harvestmen species and should be considered in biogeographic analyses with accidental occurrences (unplanned samples). In the particular case of this digitised subset, European elements comprised 50% of specimens, 39% were Iberian endemics, and 11% were Holarctic taxa—percentages which are slightly different from those resulting from pitfall trapping in the same area (Merino-Sáinz and Anadón 2013: 44%, 44%, and 12%, respectively). In both cases, namely the use of unplanned, non-standardised collections and the use of pitfall trapping, several Iberian endemic taxa with narrow niches (e.g., subterranean/hypogeous taxa) were absent; thus, these methods are not suitable for obtaining information about those taxa. A summary of advantages and problems arising from the digitisation of this subcollection of unplanned sampling events is provided in Table 4. Conclusions A small subcollection of harvestmen from the north of the Iberian Peninsula, gathered using non-Opiliones-targeted sampling methods and in many cases by non-specialist collectors, presented a high species richness similar to planned, periodic, and costlier studies. This subcollection enabled us to extend our knowledge on the distribution of 18 species. The 536 specimens in the subset showed very interesting faunistic results, while less effort was exerted on identification and digitisation than in planned, periodic collection events using pitfall traps. The data subset contained six first provincial records of various species; Ph. opilio locations in eight provinces without previous data were also provided. Nevertheless, we also detected some drawbacks to this type of data collection; collection was biased towards adults of larger species (with long legs or wide bodies) occupying shrubby or arboreal habitats, which may also affect the biogeographic analysis of the dataset. Nevertheless, this study highlights the importance of the general biodiversity collections in museums and at universities and the need to digitise their specimens, including the data from non-targeted, or unplanned, samplings, especially when poorly studied groups are involved. The digitisation of unplanned collections can help to justify the investments made to collect, house, and study such collections. Moreover, it is important to keep in mind that most of the collections at the university/museum, NGO, and amateur scientist levels are not comprised of data collected through planned events, but mainly through unplanned events. The digitisation of such unplanned collections has great potential to (1) bridge gaps in existing knowledge, and (2) strengthen existing understanding about the status of biodiversity.

Taxonomic Coverages

Seventeen taxa were identified to the species level. Due to the biological phase or sex of the specimens, or unresolved taxonomic issues, 39 records (8%) were assigned only to the genus level. Those specimens belonging to the genus Paramiopsalis represent species number 18. The numbers of records per species and per family (also including specimens identified to the genus level) are shown in Table 1. The family Phalangidae comprised the largest number of identified species (seven), followed by Sclerosomatidae (five). However, when the number of records is considered, Sclerosomatidae was the most frequent family (around one hundred records for both Leiobunum blackwalli and L. rotundum), followed by Phalangidae, with only one species Phalangium opilio with a high number of records, similar to the Leiobunum species, and other species with only a few records. Five families (and the remaining species) had less than 30 records each.

Animalia
common name: Animals rank: kingdom
Arthropoda
common name: Arthropods rank: phylum
Arachnida
common name: Arachnids rank: class
Opiliones
common name: Harvestmen rank: order
Sclerosomatidae
rank: family
Phalangiidae
rank: family
Ischyropsalididae
rank: family
Nemastomatidae
rank: family
Trogulidae
rank: family
Sironidae
rank: family

Geographic Coverages

Harvestmen specimens of this subset are mainly from the northern third of Spain, similar to spatial coverage of the large dataset (see Merino-Sáinz et al. 2013c for a wider overview). Coordinates: 40°21'36''N and 43°40'12''N Latitude; 7°26'24''W and 0°31'12''W Longitude

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Contacts

Izaskun Merino Sáinz
originator
position: Content provider
Universidad de Oviedo - Dpto. Biología de Organismos y Sistemas
C/ Catedrático Rodrígo Uría s/n
Oviedo
ES-33006
Asturias
ES
email: izaskunmerino@hotmail.com

Antonio Torralba-Burrial
metadata author
position: Researcher
Universidad de Oviedo - Cluster de Energía, Medioambiente y Cambio Climático
Plaza de Riego 4
Oviedo
ES-33071
Asturias
ES
Telephone: +34985104445
email: antoniotb@gmail.com
homepage: http://www.unioviedo.es/BOS/Zoologia/artropodos/index.htm

Antonio Torralba-Burrial
administrative point of contact
position: Researcher
Universidad de Oviedo - Cluster de Energía, Medioambiente y Cambio Climático
Plaza de Riego 4
Oviedo
ES-33071
Asturias
ES
Telephone: +34985104445
email: antoniotb@gmail.com
homepage: http://www.unioviedo.es/BOS/Zoologia/artropodos/index.htm

Araceli Anadón
administrative point of contact
position: Point of contact
Universidad de Oviedo - Dpto. Biología de Organismos y Sistemas
C/ Catedrático Rodrígo Uría s/n
Oviedo
ES-33006
Asturias
ES
email: aanadon@uniovi.es
homepage: http://www.unioviedo.es/BOS/Zoologia/artropodos/index.htm