A geographic distribution database of the cassava whitefly complex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera)

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez

doi:10.15472/5eycqu

A geographic distribution database of the cassava whitefly complex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera)

Citation

Vásquez Ordóñez A A (2022). A geographic distribution database of the cassava whitefly complex (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (Hymenoptera). Version 11.4. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical - CIAT. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15472/5eycqu accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-11-03.

Description

Whiteflies (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) are represented by more than 1500 herbivorous species around the world. Some of them are notorious pests of cassava (Manihot esculenta), a primary food crop in the tropics. Whitefly populations are regulated mainly by Hymenopteran parasitoids. Despite their importance, neither the distribution of cassava whiteflies, nor that of their associated parasitoids, is well documented. This paper therefore reports observational and specimen-based occurrence records of cassava whiteflies and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. The dataset consists of 1,311 distribution records documented by the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) between 1975 and 2012. The specimens are held at CIAT’s Arthropod Reference Collection (CIATARC). Eleven species of whiteflies, 14 species of parasitoids and one species of hyperparasitoids are reported. Approximately 66% of the whitefly records belong to Aleurotrachelus socialis and 16% to Bemisia tuberculata. The parasitoids with most records are Encarsia hispida, Amitus macgowni and E. bellottii for A. socialis; and E. sophia for B. tuberculata. The complete dataset is available in Darwin Core Archive format via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Sampling Description

Study Extent

Most of the distribution records belong to South America (Brazil, Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela) and Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama). Colombia and Venezuela are the best represented countries, followed by Brazil and Ecuador. There are also seven records of whiteflies from Asia (Lao and Thailand).

Sampling

The records in the dataset have been documented in three ways: 1) Records from CIAT’s initial field explorations to document pests in cassava (CIAT 1974, 1985; 0.7% records, between 1975-1989). 2) Records documented during the “Biological Control of Whiteflies by Indigenous Natural Enemies for Major Food Crops in the Neotropics Projects” and participation in “Global Whitefly IPM Project” led by CIAT, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CENIAP), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), The University of Florida and Corporación Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (Corpoica) (CIAT 1995, 2002, Bellotti et al. 1996, 1999, 2000, 2005, Bellotti 2001, Arias and Bellotti 2002, CIAT et al. 1998, Castillo 1996, López-Ávila et al. 2001, Hernandez and Bellotti 2002, 2004, Holguín et al. 2002, Trujillo et al. 2004, Herrera et al. 2006, Hernández et al. 2009; 95.7% records, between 1990-2007). 3) Records from other sources; including field inspections and collections conducted during routine farm visits by CIAT personnel, and specimens submitted to CIATARC by fellow institutions and researchers (Adriano Muñoz and Gerardino Perez, pers. comm. November 29, 2014; 2.6% records between 2008-2012). The records resulted from one of two sampling methods. The first method was designed to identify parasitoids associated with dominant whitefly species on farmer’s fields. One middle-canopy leaf infested with whiteflies was collected from each of 40-100 randomly-selected plants per field. A disc of 2.54 cm2 was excised from the leaf lobe with the highest density of whitefly pupae. The single most abundant whitefly species per disc was identified and individuals not belonging to that species were eliminated by puncturing them with a needle. The disc samples were then individually placed in 25-ml glass vials and held for 2-3 days at 24.5+ 4 °C and 70 + 5% relative humidity under laboratory conditions until parasitoids emerged (Bellotti et al. 1999, 2000, Trujillo et al. 2004). The second method corresponds to opportunistic collections during routine farm visits by CIAT personnel, when leaves infested with whitefly pupae would be collected in vials with 70% alcohol and submitted to the CIATARC for their subsequent identification (Herrera et al. 2006). All formally-submitted samples were mounted and are preserved at the CIATARC. Out database does not indicate which sampling method was used for each record.

Quality Control

Record validation and cleaning was incorporated at several steps of the documentation process, following guideless by Chapman (2005a, b). The scientific names on labels were checked with a taxonomic thesaurus developed by AAV. This thesaurus compiled all known synonyms and spelling variants of the scientific names used for our focal species. We assigned scientific names in accordance to current taxonomy trends (Whiteflies: Evans 2007a; Parasitoids and hyperparasitoids: Woolley 1988, Polaszek et al. 2004, Evans 2007b, Johnson 2007, 2015, Noyes 2014; Plant associated: Tropicos 2014). Geographic coordinates were verified using the “Check Coordinates” function in DIVA-GIS (Hitmans et al. 2001). For this last step, we relied on the Global Administrative Unit Layers (GAUL) shape file developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2015), and official shape of administrative division of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela (IBGE 2007, INEC 2011, SIGOT 2011, IVIC 2007). Ajuste de vocabularios controlados en: Elementos geográficos: stateProvince y county;

Method steps

The dataset integrates two data flows: observational records and specimen-based records, identified either to genus or to species. The former were digitized from field diagnostic forms recorded by personnel extensively trained in whiteflies and parasitoids identification. These identifications, however, were likely conducted on site without mounting and preserving samples. Alternatively, these observations may correspond to properly-mounted but lost specimens. In either case, our confidence in the identification of observational records is high to the genus level, but moderate to the species level. On the other hand, the specimen-based records belong to verifiable samples properly-preserved at CIATARC. We followed the guidelines of Martin (1987) and Hodges & Evans (2005) for whitefly slide preparations, and Noyes (1982) for parasitoid and hyperparasitoid preparations. Unique accession numbers were assigned to all records. All biodiversity data available (i.e. specimen, species identification, name of determiner, sex, locality, date, habitat, host, collector and observations) was digitized in a Microsoft Excel 2010 spreadsheet adopting the Darwin Core Archive format v1.2 (Wieczorek et al. 2012). We updated locality fields (e.g., district, municipality) using the most current names and classifications of administrative divisions used by each country (e.g. http://www.dane.gov.co/Divipola/ for Colombia, http://www.inec.gob.ec/estadisticas/?option=com_content&view=article&id=80 for Ecuador, etc. [accessed 2014/11/14]). Based on their locality names, we then geocoded the records using Google Maps (https://maps.google.com/), Geolocate (http://www.museum.tulane.edu/geolocate/), GeoNames (http://www.geonames.org/) or with georeference indicated in scientific articles (Calderón et al. 1994, Eiszner et al. 1996, Navia Estrada et al. 2006, Cuadros et al. 2011, Gutiérrez R. et al. 2011). GPS coordinates were converted to decimal degrees. The dataset with metadata was uploaded to the Integrated Publishing Toolkit (IPT) of the Colombia node of Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Taxonomic Coverages

Most records were identified to the species level (whiteflies: 97%; parasitoids and hyperparasitoids: 73%) by expert entomologists. Experts identifying over 20 records were Gregory A. Evans, María del Pilar Hernández, Sueo Nakahara and Louise M. Russell. Whitefly records belong to nine genera and eleven species, whereas parasitoid records belong to eight genera and 14 species. The dataset also includes four records of the genus Signiphora, considered a genus of whitefly hyperparasitoids (Evans 2007b).

Signiphora aleyrodis Ashmead
rank: species
Aleuroctonus vittatus (Dozier)
rank: species
Aleurodicus dispersus Russell
rank: species
Aleurodicus flavus Hempel
rank: species
Aleuroglandulus subtilis Bondar
rank: species
Aleurothrixus aepim (Goldi)
rank: species
Aleurotrachelus sociales Bondar
rank: species
Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker
rank: species
Amitus macgowni Evans & Castillo
rank: species
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)
rank: species
Bemisia tuberculata Bondar
rank: species
Encarsia americana (DeBach & Rose)
rank: species
Encarsia bellotti Evans & Castillo
rank: species
Encarsia cubensis Gahan
rank: species
Encarsia desantisis Viggiani
rank: species
Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani
rank: species
Encarsia hispida De Santis
rank: species
Encarsia luteola Howard
rank: species
Encarsia nigricephala Dozier
rank: species
Encarsia pergandiella Howard
rank: species
Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd)
rank: species
Encarsia tabacivora Viggiani
rank: species
Tetraleurodes ursorum (Cockerell)
rank: species
Trialeurodes similis Russell
rank: species
Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)
rank: species
Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance)
rank: species
Anagyrus
rank: genus
Aphanogmus
rank: genus
Eretmocerus
rank: genus
Euderomphale
rank: genus
Metaphycus
rank: genus
Paraleyrodes
rank: genus
Aleur
rank: genus

Geographic Coverages

Most of the distribution records belong to South America (Brazil, Colombia Ecuador and Venezuela) and Central America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama). Colombia and Venezuela are the best represented countries, followed by Brazil and Ecuador. There are also seven records of whiteflies from Asia (Lao and Thailand).

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Contacts

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
originator
position: Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
Cali
6713
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 (2) 4450000
email: a.a.vasquez@cgiar.org
homepage: http://ciat.cgiar.org/

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
metadata author
position: Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
Cali
6713
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 (2) 4450000
email: a.a.vasquez@cgiar.org
homepage: http://ciat.cgiar.org/

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
principal investigator
position: Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
Cali
6713
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 (2) 4450000
email: a.a.vasquez@cgiar.org
homepage: http://ciat.cgiar.org/

Nicolas Hazzi
author
position: Estudiante de Pregrado
Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biología, Sección Entomología
Calle 13 # 100-00
Cali
25360
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 2 3212100
email: nicolashazzi@hotmail.com
homepage: http://www.univalle.edu.co/

Soroush Parsa
author
position: Researcher
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
Cali
6713
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 (2) 4450000
email: S.Parsa@cgiar.org
homepage: http://ciat.cgiar.org/

Juan David Escobar-Prieto
author
position: Estudiante de Pregrado
Universidad del Valle, Departamento de Biología, Sección Entomología
Calle 13 # 100-00
Cali
25360
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 2 3212100
email: juan_david18@hotmail.com
homepage: http://www.univalle.edu.co/

Dario Paz-Jojoa
author
position: Estudiante de Pregrado
Universidad de Nariño, Departamento de Biologia
Clle 18 Cr 50
Pasto
1175
Nariño
CO
Telephone: +57 2 7311449
email: darioferpaz@hotmail.com
homepage: http://www.udenar.edu.co/

Aymer Andrés Vásquez Ordóñez
administrative point of contact
position: Research Assistant
Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT
Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira
Cali
6713
Valle del Cauca
CO
Telephone: +57 (2) 4450000
email: a.a.vasquez@cgiar.org
homepage: http://ciat.cgiar.org/