Lepidocyrtus chorus Mateos & Lukić 2019
- Dataset
- New European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) with the first description of feeding-related dancing behaviour in Collembola
- Rank
- SPECIES
- Published in
- Mateos, Eduardo, Lukić, Marko (2019): New European Lepidocyrtus Bourlet, 1839 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) with the first description of feeding-related dancing behaviour in Collembola. Zootaxa 4550 (2): 221-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4550.2.4
Classification
- kingdom
- Animalia
- phylum
- Arthropoda
- class
- Collembola
- order
- Entomobryomorpha
- family
- Entomobryidae
- genus
- Lepidocyrtus
- species
- Lepidocyrtus chorus
biology_ecology
Ecology and distribution. The specimens of L. chorus sp. nov. were found on old stone steps in the backyard of the hydropower plant (Figs 1 – 2). Limestone steps are situated at 95 m above sea level, at the bottom of a 100 m deep canyon of the river Krka, partially covered by leaf litter and fine gravel, and overgrown by biofilm. The region is characterized by warm Mediterranean climate, type Cfsa according to Köppen climate classification (Milković & Trninić 2007), with mean air temperature when species was observed being 12.1 ° C for April 2015 and 13.5 ° C for October 2016 (data for the nearby meteorological station Knin; time period 1949 – 2017) (data available at http: // www. meteo. hr). All specimens mounted on slides (17 specimens) collected on 29. iv. 2015 had the gut completely and exclusively full of tricolpate pollen grains possibly of Brassica L. species. This pollen was clearly visible inside the gut due to the clearing procedure with Nesbitt fluid applied to the specimens. The gut of the four mounted specimens collected on 25. ix. 2018 contained plant material, fungal hyphae, conidia, pollen grains and brown amorphous material. Pollen grains of several plants were recorded in three out of four specimens but were not the dominant type of food in the gut. This species is known only from its type locality. Dancing behaviour. Video is available on YouTube (https: // youtu. be / 8 pspWYQroEI) and deposited on Figshare (https: // doi. org / 10.6084 / m 9. figshare. 7380836. v 1). Peculiar dance-like behaviour of the L. chorus sp. nov. was observed during the sampling on 29. iv. 2015 and 25. ix. 2018. Two types of dance could be identified: ‘ grazing dance’ and ‘ walking dance’. During grazing dance individuals retain their head position while feeding and at the same time make rapid circular clockwise and counter clockwise movement of the abdomen (Figs. 29 – 30, for example see video at 00: 37). When finished with grazing individuals continue with walking dance where they progress with the movement in a certain direction and at the same time continue with the rapid circular movement of the abdomen (Fig. 31, for example see video at 00: 30 and 01: 13). Individuals were usually few centimetres apart from each other and there was no obvious interaction between them. When coming in closer contact, they did not change their behaviour and continue with the dance, usually moving away from each other. On 07. x. 2016, additional footage of this dance-like behaviour was captured with macro lenses that revealed more details. The behaviour of the specimens on this occasion was similar, although the circular movement of the abdomen was less conspicuous (for example see video at 02: 22). Individuals were also observed grazing without circular movement of the abdomen. On this occasion two specimens were photographed in close interaction while grazing (Figs 3 – 4).
description
Description. Holotype body length 1.6 mm (without head nor furca), paratypes 1.4 – 1.7 mm. Live specimens of silver color (due to coating of scales, Figs 3 – 4), specimens in alcohol white with a dark-violet lateral spot on abd. IV (Fig. 5). Th. II projecting over head (Fig. 5). Head with a dark-violet apical triangular spot between antennae bases (Fig. 6). Ant. II-III-IV slightly violet. Scales densely covering dorsal and ventral surfaces of head, trunk, legs, ventral tube and manubrium, dorsal surface of ant. I-II, and anterior surface of dens (Figs 7 – 8). Antennal length to head diagonal length ratio (head diagonal measured from cervical edge to apex of mouth part) 1.5 – 1.7, holotype 1.7. Relation of antennal joints I – IV as 1: 1.7 – 1.9: 1.4 – 1.7: 2.7 – 3.4, in holotype as 1: 1.7: 1.7: 2.7. Ant. I with three dorsolateral small acute chaetae in a triangle (antennal-I-organ sensu Huther, 1986). Ant. III sense organ composed of two bent sensory rods partially behind a cuticular fold (Fig. 9). Ant. IV without apical bulb. Clypeus with twelve ciliated chaetae (3 in row pf, 5 in row f, and 2 – 2 in rows L 1 – L 2, respectively). Arrangement of chaetae on labrum 4 / 554, prelabral chaetae ciliated, first and second row of labral chaetae smooth, apical row branched (Fig. 10). Labrum intrusion inverted U-shaped, labral edge with four minute rounded labral papillae with one-pointed end (the lateral papillae) and three-pointed end (the central papillae) (Fig. 10). Labial palp with lateral process on papilla E slightly curved, with rounded apical end and reaching apex of papilla (Fig. 11). Outer maxillary palp with two smooth chaetae and three smooth sublobal chaetae (Fig. 12). Labium chaetotaxy formed by 5 smooth chaetae (a 1 – a 5) in anterior row; basal row with ciliated chaetae M 1 M 2 REL 1 L 2 (Fig. 13) with R smaller than other chaetae (ratio of R / M ~ 0.4). Postlabial chaetotaxy (Fig. 13) with 4 + 4 ciliated chaetae along ventral cephalic groove. Dorsal cephalic macrochaetae formula A 0 A 2 A 3 Pa 5 (Fig. 14), but also with pair of smaller supplementary macrochaetae A 2 a between A 0 and A 2; maximum number of macrochaetae An on head 13 + 13. Eye patches dark blue. Diameters of eyes A – F about the same. Eyes G and H slightly smaller (A: G; A: H = 1.5). Interocular chaetotaxy (Fig. 14) with s, t, q chaetae and 2 – 3 intraocular scales. In Fig. 15 are represented all the elements composing dorsal body chaetotaxy. Dorsal body macrochaetae formula 00 / 0101 + 3 (m 3 on abd. II, C 1 + B 4, B 5, B 6 on abd. IV). Dorsal chaetotaxy of th. II – III and abd. I as in Figs 16 – 18. Th. II with 2 lateral S-chaetae (al and ms) and without macrochaetae in dorsal position. Th. III with a lateral sensillum (al) between two ciliated chaetae. Abd. I with a lateral S-microchaeta (ms) external to a 6. Chaetotaxy of abd. II – III as in Figs 19 – 20. Abd. II chaetotaxy between the two dorso-medial trichobothria with mesochaetae a 2, a 3, a 2 p, m 3 e, p 4, sens as and macrochaeta m 3; macrochaeta m 5 with socket of similar size of macrochaeta m 3. Abd. III with S-chaetae as and ms; chaeta d 3 present. Chaetae associated with trichobotria on abd. II – III fan-shaped. Chaetotaxy of abd. IV as in Fig. 21; macrochaetae B 4, B 5, B 6, C 1, D 3, E 2, E 3, E 4, F 1, F 2, F 3 and T 6 broader with broad socket (bcM in Fig. 15 - a), while D 2, De 3, D 3 p, E 1, E 4 p, F 3 p, Fe 4, Fe 5, r 3 and T 7 thinner with smaller socket (tcM in Fig. 15 - b); macrochaeta F 2 above macrochaeta E 3; the ratio of distances between macrochaetae C 1 – B 4 / B 4 – B 6 1.1 – 1.3; accessory chaeta s associated with trichobotrium T 2 absent; all chaetae associated with trichobotria on abd. IV (D 1, a, m, pe, pi) fan-shaped; sens chaetotaxy composed by 2 anterior dorsomedial elongate S-chaetae (S in Fig. 21 and Fig. 15 - e), as and ps. Dorsal chaetotaxy of abd. V as in Fig. 22; with S-chaetae as, acc. p 4 and acc. p 5. Trochanteral organ with 12 – 14 smooth spiny chaetae forming a V shape pattern (Fig. 23). Ungues (Fig. 24) with paired basal teeth at 54 % from inner edge, one sub-equal median tooth at 70 %, and a tiny apical tooth at 86 % from inner edge, respectively; three external teeth, 2 paired laterally and 1 unpaired basally, also present; unguiculi lanceolate, with denticles along outer edge, some specimens with unguiculi II-III smooth or with tiny denticles; tibiotarsal tenent hair spatulate, smooth and as long as claw; ratio of supraempodial chaeta (smooth chaeta on tibiotarsus III opposite to tenent hair) / unguiculus is around 0.7. Ventral tube with a maximum of 5 + 5 ciliated chaetae on anterior side (Fig. 25) and 15 weakly ciliated chaetae on posterior side; lateral flap with a maximum of 18 laterodistal chaetae (6 ciliated and 12 smooth, Fig. 26). Manubrium with 2 + 2 ciliated apical chaetae on anterior side; manubrial plate with 3 – 4 inner chaetae and 6 – 9 chaetae outer to the 2 pseudopores (Fig. 27). Dental tubercle absent. Mucro without spinelet on basal spine (Fig. 28). Ratio manubrium / dens / mucro as 17.5: 21.5: 1.
description
Feeding preference and occasional grazing during dancing of L. chorus sp. nov. suggest that such behaviour is probably related to feeding and searching for the wind-borne pollen deposited on the stone surface and possibly other type of food. In support comes the fact that during dancing no courtship or spermatophore transfer has been observed and that subadults and juvenile specimens have also been observed dancing, leading to conclusions that it is not related to mating. Somewhat similar dance related to search for food is described for the blowfly Phormia regina (Meigen), where specimens perform a series of loops and spirals rather than straight line movement when they come in contact with the sugar (Dethier l 957, Nelson 1977). To our knowledge, this is the first record of peculiar dancing behaviour related to feeding among Collembola. Laboratory experiments on L. chorus sp. nov. is needed to confirm that the dance is triggered by the presence of certain type of food and exclusively related to feeding.
description
Figs 1 – 31, Table 1
diagnosis
Diagnosis. Trunk uniformly white, with one lateral dark-violet spot on each side of abd. IV. Th. II projecting over head. Ant. I-II, legs, ventral tube and posterior region of manubrium with scales. Apical bulb on ant. IV absent. Labial chaetae M 1 M 2 REL 1 L 2 in “ p row ” well developed and ciliated, R shorter. Dorsal cephalic and body macrochaetae formula as A 0 [A 2 a] A 2 A 3 Pa 5 / 00 / 0101 + 3. Without chaeta s on abd. IV. Molecular diagnosis. This species includes all populations that cluster with COXII and EF- 1 α sequences of the individuals LP 383 - 1 to LP 383 - 4 (Table 1, see also Mateos et al. 2018), with significant support in an adequate molecular delimitation model.
discussion
Discussion. Morphological characters clearly assign Lepidocyrtus chorus sp. nov. to the Lepidocyrtus lignorum - group (sensu Mateos 2011). Also, genetic sequences done by Mateos et al. (2018) clearly place the new species in this European species group. Currently L. lignorum - group is composed by 12 species (13 with the inclusion of L. chorus sp. nov.), namely L. barbulus Mateos, 2011, L. instratus Handschin, 1924, L. intermedius Mateos, Escuer & Álvarez-Presas, 2018 (in Mateos et al. 2018), L. juliae Mateos, 2011, L. lignorum (Fabricius, 1793), L. peisonis Traser & Christian, 1992, L. ruber Schött, 1902, L. tellecheae Arbea & Jordana, 1990, L. traseri Winkler, 2016, L. uzeli Rusek, 1985, L. vexillosus Loksa & Bogojević, 1967 and L. violaceus Lubbock, 1873. All of them have trunk macrochaetotaxy formula 00 / 0101 + 3. The dorsal head macrochaetotaxy formula A 0 A 2 A 3 Pa 5 is also shared by all species of the group (and also by L. chorus sp. nov.) except L. intermedius (A 0 A 2 Pa 5), L. ruber (A 0 A 2 A 3) and L. vexillosus (A 0 A 2 Pa 5)
etymology
Etymology. The specific name refers to the dance-like behaviour observed in situ. In latin “ chorus ” means “ a dancer ”.
materials_examined
Type material. Holotype: female on slide (slide code: CRBA- 77842), Krka National Park, village Oklaj, Town Šibenik, hidropowerplant Miljacka, Croatia, 95 m above sea level, N 44 ° 00 ’ 04.0 ” E 16 ° 01 ’ 05.9 ”, on stone steps (Figs 1 – 2), hand collecting, 29. iv. 2015, leg. M. Lukić. Paratypes: 16 females on slides (slide codes LP 383 - 1 to LP 383 - 09, CRBA- 77843, and six slides with code CLL 4558), and 18 specimens (of unknown sex) in a vial with absolute ethanol (vial code LP 383 (3 specimens) and CLL 4558 (15 specimens )); same data as holotype. 4 females on slides (code: CLL 5100) and 1 specimen (of unknown sex) in a vial with absolute ethanol (vial code CLL 5100), 25. ix. 2018, leg. N. Sudar; same data as holotype. The holotype and paratype CRBA- 77843 are deposited at the Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (http: // www. ub. edu / crba /). Paratypes LP 383 - 1 to LP 383 - 09 on slides and three specimens in absolute ethanol (vial code LP 383) deposited at the E. Mateos collection, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 10 paratypes (CLL 4558, six specimens; CLL 5100, four specimens) on slides and 16 specimens in absolute ethanol (CLL 4558, 15 specimens; CLL 5100, 1 specimen) deposited at the Croatian Biospeleological Society Collection, Zagreb, Croatia.