Multi-taxa inventory of naturalized species in Chile (including native Chilean species introduced in other areas of the national territory outside of their original range)

Nicol Fuentes; Alicia Marticorena; Alfredo Saldaña; Rosa Viviane Jerez; Juan Carlos Ortiz; Pedro Victoriano; Rodrigo Moreno; Juan Larraín; Cristóbal Villaseñor; Götz Palfner; Paulina Sánchez; Aníbal Pauchard

doi:10.15468/exradm

Multi-taxa inventory of naturalized species in Chile (including native Chilean species introduced in other areas of the national territory outside of their original range)

Citation

Fuentes N, Marticorena A, Saldaña A, Jerez R V, Ortiz J C, Victoriano P, Moreno R, Larraín J, Villaseñor C, Palfner G, Sánchez P, Pauchard A, Rey-Aguirre A (2021). Multi-taxa inventory of naturalized species in Chile (including native Chilean species introduced in other areas of the national territory outside of their original range). Version 1.2. Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB). Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/exradm accessed via GBIF.org on 2024-12-14.

Description

Here we present a multi-taxa inventory of naturalized alien species recorded on continental Chile and adjacent marine habitats, including eight taxonomic groups. We identified 1,122 species. These comprise 790 vascular plants (terrestrial and aquatic); 31 nonvascular plants [Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts) and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)]; 18 marine and freshwater macro and micro algae; 71 fungi; 39 terrestrial vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds); 108 insects; 37 marine and freshwater invertebrates and vertebrates (6 polychaetes, 3 mollusks and 28 Pisces); and 28 terrestrial gastropods. For all taxonomic groups, naturalized species were found to mainly be distributed in regions with Mediterranean and temperate climates, with few at either extreme of the country. The invasion curves show that naturalized species first underwent a positive increment, followed by an apparent plateau phase, mainly in vascular plants, insects and vertebrates. In fungi, marine and freshwater macro and microalgae, vertebrates and invertebrates, the cumulative number of naturalized species increased sharply starting in the early 20th century; the lack of collections before 1900 is also evident. When considering naturalized species as a whole, this inventory highlights that the rate of new naturalizations consistently increased after 1950, especially for some taxonomic groups such as insects, fungi, and vascular plants. This multi-taxa inventory of naturalized species provides a platform for national reporting on biodiversity indicators and highlights areas where Chile must invest resources to manage biological invasions.

Sampling Description

Study Extent

Continental Chile, extends over 38.5 degrees of latitude (17.5°–56°S; 4300 km), and administratively, the country is divided into 16 regions (which range from 15,403 to 132,291 km2 in size) and 56 provinces, sequentially ordered from north to south.

Sampling

We performed an exhaustive bibliographic revision and used herbarium and zoological collections to identify all the species recorded as naturalized in continental Chile and adjacent marine habitats for each of the eight taxonomic groups: a) vascular plants (terrestrial and aquatic); b) nonvascular plants [Bryophyta (mosses), Marchantiophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)]; c) marine and freshwater macro and micro algae; d) fungi; e) terrestrial vertebrate fauna (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals); f) insects; g) marine and freshwater vertebrates (Pisces) and invertebrates (polychaetes and mollusks); and h) terrestrial gastropods. For each taxonomic group, we used the most accepted and comprehensive definition of naturalized species. In general terms, naturalized species were considered as those that are not native to Chile (i.e. nonindigenous) and whose presence is due to intentional or accidental introduction as a result of human activities. We considered all organisms that are naturalized or invasive, but not those that survive only with human assistance (Richardson et al. 2000).

Quality Control

The preliminary list of each taxonomic group was then verified by experts (local and international). Thus, we had a second opinion regarding the inclusion or rejection of naturalized species in the database. For each species, we made a substantial effort to compile and organize a database integrating both species characteristics and spatial distribution information. We checked all records for their scientific names and spatial distributions.

Method steps

For data processing and publication, the Darwin Core (DwC) biodiversity standard and the database management tools provided by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) were followed. This process was carried out as follows: The Taxon core was established, with an identifier for the information set of each species (taxonID) and the taxonomy data for each species was added, following the Darwin Core format for taxonomy, complementing the information provided by each researcher with the GBIF Species Matching tool. Then, the field taxonRemarks was added to indicate the origin of each species (native range). In addition to the Taxon core, the Ocurrences extension was included to document the distribution records of each species, using the occurrenceStatus, establishmentMeans and locality fields to indicate the region(s) of Chile where the species is present as an introduced species. The dynamicProperties field was used to indicate the type of introduction, and the eventDate field to indicate the year of the first record of the species. In the verbatimEventDate field the information was included in the original format in which it was recorded by each researcher. Finally, the field occurrenceRemarks was added to include information on the impacts of the introduction of each species.

Taxonomic Coverages

Geographic Coverages

Continental Chile (17.5°–56°S; 4300 km)

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Contacts

Nicol Fuentes
originator
position: Investigadora
Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: nfuentes@udec.cl

Alicia Marticorena
originator
position: Investigadora
Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: amartic9@gmail.com

Alfredo Saldaña
originator
position: Investigador
Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: asaldana@udec.cl

Rosa Viviane Jerez
originator
position: Investigadora
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: vijerez@udec.cl

Juan Carlos Ortiz
originator
position: Investigador
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: jortiz@udec.cl

Pedro Victoriano
originator
position: Investigador
Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: pvictori@gmail.com

Rodrigo Moreno
originator
position: Investigador
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás
Av. Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
Santiago
CL
email: ramoreno@gmail.com

Juan Larraín
originator
position: Investigador
Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma
Av. Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
Valparaíso
CL
email: musgoschiloe@gmail.com

Cristóbal Villaseñor
originator
position: Investigador
Laboratorio de Estudios Algales (ALGALAB), Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: cristobal.villasenor@gmail.com

Götz Palfner
originator
position: Investigador
Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción
Víctor Lamas 1290; Concepción, Chile
Concepción
CL
email: goetz.palfner@gmail.com

Paulina Sánchez
originator
position: Investigadora
Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción
Victoria 631 Fac. Ciencias Forestales – Universidad de Concepción
Concepción
CL
email: paulinasg.lib@gmail.com

Aníbal Pauchard
originator
position: Investigador
Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas (LIB), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción
Victoria 631 Fac. Ciencias Forestales – Universidad de Concepción
Concepción
CL
email: pauchard@udec.cl

Antonia Rey-Aguirre
metadata author
position: Asistente
Laboratorio Invasiones Biológicas
Victoria 631 Fac. Ciencias Forestales – Universidad de Concepción
Concepción
CL
email: arey-aguirre@udec.cl

Antonia Rey-Aguirre
user
email: arey-aguirre@udec.cl

Paulina Sánchez
administrative point of contact
position: Coordinadora
Laboratorio Invasiones Biológicas
Victoria 631 Fac. Ciencias Forestales – Universidad de Concepción
Concepción
CL
Telephone: +56412661132
email: lib@udec.cl
homepage: http://www.lib.udec.cl