Pseudococcidae Cockerell 1905
- Dataset
- A review of neococcid scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) based on the morphology of the adult males
- Rank
- FAMILY
Classification
- kingdom
- Animalia
- phylum
- Arthropoda
- class
- Insecta
- order
- Hemiptera
- family
- Pseudococcidae
diagnosis
Generic diagnosis based on adult male morphology. Most species probably alate but some known to be brachypterous and / or apterous; body generally small. Unless otherwise stated, diagnosis refers to all morphs. Head with ocelli in addition to two pairs of simple eyes; postocular ridge generally distinct and present even on apterous species; postoccipital ridge present or absent; dorsal and ventral midcranial ridges usually well developed; ocular sclerite with striations or concentric ridges restricted to around simple eyes; number of antennal segments variable but each antenna usually 9 or 10 segmented, with fs and hs setae on most segments; capitate setae on antennae generally absent or poorly differentiated; neck constriction present or absent. Thorax. Pronotal ridge and pronotal sclerite generally present; prescutum with prescutal setae; postmesospiracular setae generally present; loculate pores frequently present on thorax and / or abdomen; hs and fs setae on legs hard to differentiate; each trochanter with 3 round sensoria on each side in a curve or triangle; trochanter often divided by a Y-shaped sclerotisation; tarsi generally clearly 2 segmented, occasionally 1 segmented; tarsal digitules capitate; claws long and narrow with setose digitules; tarsi generally with 2 or more spurs. Abdomen. Ostioles often present between abdominal segments VI and VII; glandular pouches usually present on abdominal segment VIII, each with a group of loculate pores; abdominal segment IX present as a sclerite on top of penial sheath; anal opening facing posterodorsally at posterior end of segment IX; ventral opening of penial sheath large and distinct, often with a lobe on each lateral margin; penial sheath usually about as broad as long. Alate species generally also with scutum without a median membranous area; scutum with scutal setae medially and laterally; scutellum transversely rectangular; prosternal ridges absent; metaprecoxal ridge well developed; halteres, alar lobes, alar setae and alar sensoria present on each wing; basisternum without a median ridge.
discussion
Comment. Four keys to adult male pseudococcids have been published to date (Beardsley 1960; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967; Afifi 1968; Hodgson 2005) although the descriptions and illustrations of the males of some Hawaiian species in Beardsley (1960) are incomplete and so the inclusion of them here is tentative. Thus, the following key is a preliminary attempt to divide the pseudococcids into higher groups based entirely on male characters.
discussion
Introduction. The Pseudococcidae is the second largest family within the Coccomorpha, with 259 genera and 1989 species (García Morales et al. 2019). It includes two subfamilies, the Phenacoccinae and the Pseudococcinae (Williams & Gullan 2010) [note that the hypogaeic and myrmecophilous mealybugs are here considered to be separate families, Rhizoecidae and Xenococcidae. For keys to separate the Rhizoecidae from the Pseudococcidae, see Key on p. 20. The Phenacococcinae contain about 50 genera and the Pseudococcinae about 200 genera (Hardy et al. 2008). Currently, there is no satisfactory or generally accepted suprageneric classification for the mealybugs (Downie & Gullan 2004; Hardy et al. 2008; Kaydan et al. 2015; Danzig & Gavrilov-Zimin 2014). Williams and Gullan (2010) listed 4 family-group names belonging to the Phenacoccinae (excluding the Rhizoecidae) and 12 belonging to the Pseudococcinae. Danzig and Gavrilov-Zimin (2014) divide the Phenacoccinae into 8 generic groups (but they included Puto Signoret in the Pseudococcidae, here considered to belong to the Phenacoleachiidae), and divide the Pseudococcinae into 11 generic groups, one of which is the Rhizoecus group (here considered a separate family). It is likely that all suprageneric classifications will undergo significant changes in the future. The most constant such groups within the Pseudococcinae are the Trabutinini, Planococcini and Pseudococcini. In addition to these tribes, Williams (1978) introduced the tribe Allomyrmococcini, within the Pseudococcinae, to take various genera of anomalous ant-attended mealybugs. Although immature male stages are known for a few species of Allomyrmococcini (Williams 1978), the only adult male known in this tribe is that of Promyrmococcus dilli Williams (Williams 2002; Hodgson 2012), which is apterous (Fig. 14)
discussion
Note: * The males of these groups of taxa are morphologically very similar, differing in character-states of unknown taxonomic significance. For species identification within these groups, see mainly Afifi (1968) (and perhaps Beardsley, 1960). § The description and illustration of the macropterous male of Mirococcus (Polystomophora) ostiaplurimus in Vinis & Kozár (1981) is poor.
type_taxon
Type genus: Pseudococcus Westwood 1840. Type species: Dactylopius longispinus Targioni Tozzetti 1867.
Name
- Homonyms
- Pseudococcidae Cockerell 1905