Kalamantania whiteheadi (Godwin Austen 1891)
- Dataset
- Bornean Terrestrial Molluscs
- Rank
- SPECIES
Classification
- kingdom
- Animalia
- phylum
- Mollusca
- class
- Gastropoda
- order
- Sigmurethra
- family
- Dyakiidae
- genus
- Kalamantania
- species
- Kalamantania whiteheadi
morphology
Godwin-Austen (1891) original descriptions on Helicarion(?) whiteheadi – “Shell depressedly globose, tumid, slight subangulation on periphery, not perforate; sculpture coarse, a peculiarly wrinkled surface, the lines having a very oblique transverse direction; colour rich umber brown, pale purple and iridescent within the aperture; spire low, rounded on apex; suture impressed; whorls 3½, rapidly increasing, the last much expanded; aperture widely ovate, oblique; peristome thin, not reflected at all on columellar margin, which is subvertical.”
morphology
E. A. Smith (1895) original descriptions on Georissa everetti – “Testa turbinate, imperforate, rufescens, lineis obliquis minute decussate; anfractus 4, perconvexi, primus laevis, globosus, ultimus antice subdescendens; aperture rotunde ovata; peristoma tenue, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari pallido, reflexo.”
morphology
E. A. Smith (1895) original descriptions on Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) sadongensis – “Testa A. fultoni similes, sed Paulo minor, grisea, umbilico latiore, anfractibus quinque, oblique costulato-striatis et spiraliter tenuissime striates, ultimo minus gibboso, peristomate expanso, tenui, haud duplice.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Alycaeus (Alycaeus) sadongensis – “Schale der von A. (A.) fultoni ähnlich, aber etwas kleiner, weiter genabelt, grau, mit schrägen Rippenstreifen und feinen Spirallinien; 5 Windungen, letzte weniger buckelig; Mundrand ausgebreitet, dünn, einfach.”
morphology
“Body; dark bluish-gray, the lines of the coarse rugae and the crest of the tail yellow. Foot entirely blue-gray. Mantle paler than the rest of the body, yellowish-gray. That part of it which encircles the shell has, on the right side two parallel carinae of which the upper starts from in front of the mantle opening, the lower starts from in front of the mantle opening, the lower from close behind it. Both run back and join each other in the middle line behind the shell. On the left there is a similar ridge, single in this case, this also runs back to behind the shell, turning down and disappearing as it reaches the middle line." (Laidlaw, 1937)
diagnostic
“I place this next to Helicarion borneensis, not that I think it has any affinity to that genus as restricted, but only in its widest sense; the animal would be a most interesting one to examine, and will probably be found allied to local races, and net having anything in common with forms such as Girasia of the Indian Region, with which the shell outwardly has resemblance.” (Godwin-Austen, 1891)
diagnostic
“Only a single specimen of this pretty species was collected by Mr. Everett. It is distinguished from all the other Bornean species by the decussation of the surface, formed by the minute curved lines of growth being crossed by others obliquely sloping in the opposite direction. Under a powerful lens the points of intersection appear somewhat granulous.” (E. A. Smith, 1895)
diagnostic
“Although not mentioned by Dr. Moellondorff in the following description, excessively minute spiral striae exist in A. fultoni; they are visible only under the microscope, and are less observable than in the present species. The spire of the latter is slightly less elevated and the whorls more rounded than in A. fultoni.” (E. A. Smith, 1895)
distribution
Type locality – “Kina Balu Mountain, altitude not known” leg. J. Whitehead (Godwin-Austen, 1891)
Other locality – “Tenompok, 4.700 feet.” F. N. Chasen and H. M. Pendleburry (Laidlaw, 1937)
distribution
Type locality – “Rumbang, W. Sarawak” (E. A. Smith, 1895)
distribution
Type locality - “Sadong, Sarawak” leg. A. Everett (E. A. Smith, 1895)
distribution
Type locality – “Pakka, 10,000 feet” leg. A. H. Everett (Collinge & Godwin-Austen, 1895)
Other localities – “Marei Parei, 5,000 feet” leg. F. N. Chasen and H. M. Pendleburry (Laidlaw, 1937)
physiology
"The account of the genital apparatus given by the authors of the species is brief, and the figures diagrammatic, but sufficient to show that the condition is identical with that found by myself on dissection. The structure of the terminal part of the male duct is very peculiar, and it was only with the he;lp of serial sections, kindly cut for me by Mr. Wadsworth of Manchester University, that I found it possible to understand the relations of the various parts of the organ. From the point where the vas enters it this is essentially a single looped tube. It can be divided into a proximal part, lined by a cubical epithelium of a secretory nature, and a distal part whose lumen is lined by a pavement-like epithelium. The upper part may be called the epiphallus, the lower the penile. Difficulty of interpretation of the relationship of the parts of the tube is due to looping of part of it, with axial twisting. The vas enters the upper part of the epiphallus on one side of it. This upper part is thick and the lumen of the vas breaks up as it enters, into a number of crypts, each lined with a deeply staining, rather cubical epithelium. These crypts branch in the thick walls of this part of the epiphallus, which are compose of connective tissue with some muscle fibres. The branching shows some evidence of being regularly arranged, but it is difficult to be sure of this owing to the plane of section. As one part some of the crypts appear to be dilated, and approach the outer layer of the wall of the epiphallus, but for the most part they lie well within the core. In the dilated crypts the epithelium, though still with deeply staining nuclei, is rather flattened, as though stretched. After a course of about 4 mm, the epiphallus bends abruptly on itself and at the same time narrows considerably, whilst the crypts merge into a single central channel with a single layer of rather columnar epithelium. The epiphallus then again widens rather rapidly, and after a further course, in which it makes another sharp bend, it opens abruptly into the penile part. As its first bend it is tied on to the penile part of the tube by a sheet of connective tissue and muscle fibres which pass out from the outer part of the sheath of the penile part, and pass in to fuse with the wall of the epiphallus. The retractor musle of the penis rises from the same part of the penis. At the level at which the epiphallus passes into the penis the change is marked by a short invagination of the lining of the tube, this possibly acts as a sphincter. The lumen of the penile part is encroached on by rather regularly arranged processes which project into it, and are covered by a single layer of pavement epithelium with feebly staining nuclei. The radula is similar to Microparmarion simrothi and has the formula 60-25-1-25-60.” (Laidlaw, 1937)
size
Helicarion(?) whiteheadi – “Size: maj. diam. 35.0, min. 28.0; alt. axis 12.0; breadth of aperture 20.0 millim.” (Godwin-Austen, 1891)
size
Georissa everetti – “Longit. 2 millim., diam. 1½; apertura 1 longa, ¾ lata” (E. A. Smith, 1895)
size
Alycaeus (Orthalycaeus) sadongensis – “Diam. maj. 5 1/3 millim., alt. 6.” (E. A. Smith, 1895); Alycaeus (Alycaeus) sadongensis – “H. und Durchm. 5.3 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902)
size
“The adult animal measures about 40 mm.” (Laidlaw, 1937)