Panartidae Haeckel 1887
- Dataset
- A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts
- Rank
- FAMILY
Classification
- family
- Panartidae
description
VALIDITY OF GENERA Cannartus In addition to the synonymy published byRiedel (1971: 652), Druppula and Druppuletta are synonymized with Cannartus because the young form of Cannartus lacks the polar tubes as shown by the supporting images for these two genera. Cannartus was established in 1882 and all the other available genera listed here were published in 1887. Didymocyrtis All type species listed in the genera synonymy fall in the species conception of the Didymocyrtis - lineages of Sanfilippo et al. (1985: 656 - 660). Didymocyrtis, the oldest available name was published in 1862. All the other available names were published in 1882 and later.
diagnosis
DIAGNOSIS. — Lithocyclioidea with twin oval balloon-shaped latticed shells. The equatorial plane of the flattened double medullary shell is vertical to the longest axis of the fully-grown shell. Balloonshaped latticed shells, nearly all equal in size, are disposed along the equatorial plane. Radial beams emanating from the flattened double medullary shell extend across the equatorial plane to connect with the latticed shell. A reddish endoplasm occupies the inner part of shell and a yellow- ish red endoplasm encases them within the outermost shell. Algal symbionts are scattered inside and outside of the outermost shell. Nucleus is located inside the medullary shell. A long, robust axoflagellum extends from the longest axis of the fully-grown shell. The axoflagellum is perpendicular to the equatorial plane of the flattened double medullary shell. STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Early Oligocene-Living.
discussion
REMARKS This family is easily distinguishable from any other of the spumellarian families by the virtue of its morphology closely resembling that of a drum. This family was once called either as “ Artiscinae ” or “ Artiscinidae ”, but this familiar name is unacceptable as it is based on an unillustrated type species. The genus Panartus and the family name Panartidae were used in several Chinese radiolarian monographs (e. g., Tan & Tchang 1976; Tan 1998) and there is no longer logical reason to retain the family name “ Artiscinae ” or “ Artiscinidae. ” Considering the genus Actinomma was significantly separated from the family Panartidae by molecular phylogeny analyses (KrabberØd et al. 2011; Sandin et al. 2021). The Panartidae is presumed to be quite different from the Lithocycliidae (Riedel & Sanfilippo 1981: fig. 12 - 6). The morphological changes of Panartidae genera were continually traced over the early Miocene at a morphospecies level (Riedel & Sanfilippo 1971: pls 1 C, 2 C; Sanfilippo & Riedel 1980: text-fig. 1; Sanfilippo et al. 1985: 656). Their morphological changes were analyzed with quantitative methods (Sachs & Hasson 1979; Kellogg 1980) and using more sophisticated mathematical methods (Yoshino et al. 2019). The Panartidae are polycystines of particular importance to high resolution age determination so the criteria for identifying at specific level should be standardized (Sakai 1980; Sanfilippo et al. 1985). However, the Panartidae have been carefully identified in mid-latitudes samples due to there being several undescribed species in the mid-latitudes of the North Pacific (e. g., “ Cannartus lineage ” and “ Ommatartus lineage ” in Sakai 1980), of the Southern Ocean (e. g., Lazarus 1992) and of the North Atlantic (Nishimura A. 1987). This suggests that the evolutionary history of Cannartus, Diartus and Didymocyrtis shown in Sanfilippo & Riedel (1980) never included other panartid species. Many biological studies were carried out on living Didymocyrtis as they are commonly collected in plankton sampling. The relationship between their cytological structures was examined in detail (Sugiyama & Anderson 1998 a). Illustration of living forms were given for Didymocyrtis (Matsuoka 1993 b: pl. 3, figs 5, 6; 2017: figs 9.1, 9.2; Sugiyama & Anderson 1998 a; text-figs 1 - 7, Takahashi et al. 2003: figs 3, 4; Suzuki & Aita 2011: fig. 4 K; Probert et al. 2014: S 1, SES 19; Suzuki & Not 2015: fig. 8.4.1, 8.8.5; Matsuoka et al. 2017: appendix A) and its internal skeletal structure was illustrated (Anderson et al. 1986 a: pl. 1, figs 3, 4; Sugiyama et al. 1992: pl. 4, fig. 7; Matsuoka 2009: fig. 3.20 - 3.24). Algal symbionts were documented by epi-fluorescent observation with DAPI dyeing for Didymocyrtis (Zhang et al. 2018: 11, fig. 8). Algal symbionts of Didymocyrtis were identified as Brandtodinium nutricula by Probert et al. (2014).
materials_examined
TYPE GENUS. — Panartus Haeckel, 1887: 376 [type species by subsequent designation (Campbell 1954: D 76): Panartus tetrathalamus Haeckel, 1887: 378] = junior subjective synonym of Didymocyrtis Haeckel, 1862: 445 [type species by absolute tautonomy: Haliomma didymocyrtis Haeckel, 1861 a: 816]. INCLUDED GENERA. — Cannartus Haeckel, 1882: 462 (= Cannartidissa, Cannartiscus, Pipetta, Pipettaria, Pipettella synonymized by Riedel 1971: 652; Druppula n. syn., Druppuletta n. syn.). — Diartus Sanfilippo & Riedel, 1980: 1010. — Didymocyrtis Haeckel, 1862: 445 (= Artidium n. syn., Cyphinura n. syn., Cyphocolpus n. syn., Desmartus n. syn., Ommatocampula n. syn., Panaromium n. syn., Panartus, Panartella synonymized by Sanfilippo & Riedel 1980: 1010, Panartidium n. syn., Panartissa n. syn., Panartura n. syn., Peripanartium n. syn., Peripanartula n. syn., Peripanartus n. syn., Peripanicula n. syn.). — Spongolivella Dumitrica, 2021: 2.
Name
- Homonyms
- Panartidae Haeckel 1887