Rhizobium Frank, 1889
- Dataset
- English Wikipedia - Species Pages
- Rank
- GENUS
Classification
- genus
- Rhizobium
Abstract
Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants. The bacteria colonize plant cells within root nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase and then provide organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides to the plant. The plant, in turn, provides the bacteria with organic compounds made by photosynthesis. This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia, of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example. Rhizobium is also capable to solubilize phosphorus.
History
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888. He named it Bacillus radicicola, which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology under the genus Rhizobium.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). The phylogeny is based on whole-genome analysis.
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants such as legumes, fixing nitrogen from the air into ammonia, which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. Current research is being conducted by Agricultural Research Service microbiologists to discover a way to use Rhizobium’s biological nitrogen fixation. This research involves the genetic mapping of various rhizobial species with their respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers. In molecular biology, Rhizobium has also been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets. The presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria as contaminants may be due to the use of nitrogen gas in ultra-pure water production to inhibit microbial growth in storage tanks.
Species
Accepted species The genus Rhizobium comprises the following species:
Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2016 Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017 Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011 Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009 Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016 Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015 Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019 Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017 Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020 Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016 Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015 Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015 Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007 Rhizobium changzhiense Zhang et al. 2021 Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005 Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020 Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015 Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014 Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2010 Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017 Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993 Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016 Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014 Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013 Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016 Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2011 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997 Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012 Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015 Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020 Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002 Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016 Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014 Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011 Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003 Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006 Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015 Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011 Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009 Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015 Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008 Rhizobium mongolense van Berkum et al. 1998 Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008 Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2012 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015 Rhizobium pakistanense corrig. Khalid et al. 2015 Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014 Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012 Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008 Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014 Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016 Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001 Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020 Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014 Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011 Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020 Rhizobium selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008 Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2014 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010 Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2014 Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2014 Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014 Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002 Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009 Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991 Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011 Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019 Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011 Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015 Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017
Provisional species The following species have been described, but not validated according to the Bacteriological Code:
"Rhizobium album" Hang et al. 2019 "Rhizobium albus" Li et al. 2017 "Rhizobium deserti" Liu et al. 2020 "Rhizobium flavescens" Su et al. 2021 "Rhizobium glycinendophyticum" Wang et al. 2020 "Rhizobium halotolerans" Diange and Lee 2013 "Rhizobium hedysari" Xu et al. 2017 "Rhizobium helanshanense" Qin et al. 2012 "Rhizobium indicum" Rahi et al. 2020 "Rhizobium kunmingense" Shen et al. 2010 "Candidatus Rhizobium massiliense" Greub et al. 2004. "Rhizobium oryzihabitans" Zhao et al. 2020 "Rhizobium panacihumi" Kang et al. 2019 "Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum" Wen et al. 2011 "Rhizobium pongamiae" Kesari et al. 2013 "Rhizobium qilianshanense" Xu et al. 2013 "Rhizobium rhizolycopersici" Thin et al. 2021 "Rhizobium rhizosphaerae" Zhao et al. 2017 "Rhizobium terrae" Ruan et al. 2020
Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2016 Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017 Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011 Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009 Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016 Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015 Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019 Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017 Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020 Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016 Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015 Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015 Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007 Rhizobium changzhiense Zhang et al. 2021 Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005 Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020 Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015 Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014 Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2010 Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017 Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993 Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016 Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014 Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013 Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016 Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2011 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997 Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012 Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015 Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020 Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002 Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016 Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014 Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2011 Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003 Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006 Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015 Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2011 Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009 Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015 Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008 Rhizobium mongolense van Berkum et al. 1998 Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008 Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2012 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015 Rhizobium pakistanense corrig. Khalid et al. 2015 Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014 Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012 Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008 Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014 Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016 Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001 Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020 Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014 Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011 Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020 Rhizobium selenitireducens corrig. Hunter et al. 2008 Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2014 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010 Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2014 Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2014 Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014 Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002 Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2012 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009 Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991 Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011 Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019 Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011 Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015 Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017
Provisional species The following species have been described, but not validated according to the Bacteriological Code:
"Rhizobium album" Hang et al. 2019 "Rhizobium albus" Li et al. 2017 "Rhizobium deserti" Liu et al. 2020 "Rhizobium flavescens" Su et al. 2021 "Rhizobium glycinendophyticum" Wang et al. 2020 "Rhizobium halotolerans" Diange and Lee 2013 "Rhizobium hedysari" Xu et al. 2017 "Rhizobium helanshanense" Qin et al. 2012 "Rhizobium indicum" Rahi et al. 2020 "Rhizobium kunmingense" Shen et al. 2010 "Candidatus Rhizobium massiliense" Greub et al. 2004. "Rhizobium oryzihabitans" Zhao et al. 2020 "Rhizobium panacihumi" Kang et al. 2019 "Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum" Wen et al. 2011 "Rhizobium pongamiae" Kesari et al. 2013 "Rhizobium qilianshanense" Xu et al. 2013 "Rhizobium rhizolycopersici" Thin et al. 2021 "Rhizobium rhizosphaerae" Zhao et al. 2017 "Rhizobium terrae" Ruan et al. 2020
Name
- Homonyms
- Rhizobium Frank, 1889
- Rhizobium