Hydroides dianthus (Verrill 1873)
- Dataset
- The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview
- Rank
- SPECIES
Classification
- kingdom
- Animalia
- phylum
- Annelida
- class
- Polychaeta
- order
- Sabellida
- family
- Serpulidae
- genus
- Hydroides
- species
- Hydroides dianthus
biology_ecology
Ecology Intertidal to sublittoral (189 m). In subtropical and tropical marine and brackish waters; salinities of 1 – 51.7 ‰, temperature 3 – 30 ° C (Zibrowius 1971; Haines & Maurer 1980 a; Bianchi & Morri 2001); on rocks, mollusk shells, corals, seagrass, algae, sponges and artificial substrates (Rioja 1958; Zibrowius 1971; Bastida-Zavala & Salazar-Vallejo 2000 b; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Ben-Eliahu & ten Hove 2011); also associated with the gastropods Fargoa dianthophila and F. bartschi (Robertson & Mau-Lastovicka 1979; Wells & Wells 1969). Fargoa dianthophila was considered a parasite of Hydroides dianthus by Roberge (1968).
description
Figs 4 C, 5
diagnosis
Diagnosis This species is gregarious and can form small colonies. Tube white, with two longitudinal ridges; lacks peristomes, transverse ridges or alveoli. Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Opercular funnel with 24 – 37 radii with pointed tips (Fig. 4 C); verticil with 8 – 13 spines, all curving ventrally, with one basal internal spinule, without external and lateral spinules or wings (Fig. 4 C). Special collar chaetae with two blunt, short teeth and smooth distal blade.
discussion
Taxonomic remarks Hartman (1945, 1951) mentioned that the distribution of Hydroides dianthus includes the West Indies; the only record of this subtropical species, in the Caribbean Sea, is from Weisbord (1964: 158), who collected several empty tubes from northern Venezuela, as H. cf. dianthus, but species identification with only the tube in the genus Hydroides, is doubtful. Hydroides dianthus was recorded, as Eupomatus, by Holguín-Quiñones (1994) from Socorro Island, in the Mexican Pacific; however, the record is indeterminable because it lacks a description and figures, and the specimens were not deposited in a collection (Holguín-Quiñones, pers. comm. 2011; Bastida-Zavala et al. 2016: 418). By far, Hydroides dianthus is the most abundant species (1787 specimens) on fouling plates from the 10 localities on the east coast of the United States and northern Gulf of Mexico (Table 1). In one sample from the northern Gulf of Mexico, two of four specimens had an operculum with red verticil spines (see also H. floridana (Bush, 1910 )), a character never seen before. In Delaware Bay and Virginia’s coastal lagoons (Haines & Maurer 1980 a: 647), H. dianthus builds tube clusters (10 – 400 cm 3) and at the former site the clusters harbor up to 54 invertebrate species (Haines & Maurer 1980 b). The gregarious settlement of this species was studied in North Carolina (Toonen & Pawlik 2001) and the Mediterranean, where H. dianthus builds large reefs in coastal lagoons (Bianchi & Morri 2001). It competes with other NIS, such as Ficopomatus enigmaticus, at several sites in the Mediterranean (Zibrowius 1973; Bianchi & Morri 2001). Due to its euryhaline (1 – 51.7 ‰) and eurythermic (3 – 30 ° C) tolerances, H. dianthus has successfully invaded many harbors around the world. However, in Osaka Bay Otani & Yamanishi (2010) found that salinities above 30 ‰, combined with biological interactions with macroalgae or mussels, may be limiting the distribution of H. dianthus. Hydroides dianthus, previously considered native to the US east coast (Bosc 1801; Verrill 1873), should be considered cryptogenic (see the ' Cryptogenic species' section in the Discussion below).
distribution
Distribution East coast of United States, Bermuda, Gulf of Mexico, Mexican Caribbean, Mediterranean, European Atlantic, Senegal (western Africa), Japan (Zibrowius 1971; Bastida-Zavala & ten Hove 2002; Link et al. 2009; Otani & Yamanishi 2010), China, Brazil and Black Sea (Sun & Yang 2000; Boltachova et al. 2011; Sun et al. 2016 a). In this work, Hydroides dianthus was found abundantly and frequently on fouling plates from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; Jacksonville, Indian River, Biscayne Bay, Tampa Bay and Pensacola Bay, Florida; and Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi, Texas (Fig. 5).
materials_examined
Material examined 1787 specimens: RI (108) Sep. 2001, CB (352) Sep. 2000 and Aug. 2012, CH (117) Sep. 2004, JX (99) Aug. 2001, IR (99) Aug. 2005, BB (78) Aug. 2004, TB (38) Jun. 2012, PB (323) Aug. 2002, GB (356) Sep. 2002, CC (217) Sep. 2002.
Name
- Homonyms
- Hydroides dianthus (Verrill 1873)