Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen 1830)
- Dataset
- Chaoborus flavicans Meigen (Diptera, Chaoboridae) is a complex of lake and pond dwelling species: a revision
- Rank
- SPECIES
Classification
- kingdom
- Animalia
- phylum
- Arthropoda
- class
- Insecta
- order
- Diptera
- family
- Chaoboridae
- genus
- Chaoborus
- species
- Chaoborus flavicans
biology_ecology
Ecology. Mostly univoltine in the boreal – north temperate region, rarely bivoltine (Berg 1937; Hirvenoja 1960; Regmi et al. 2013), but may produce three generations in fishless ponds in Poland (Sikorowa 1973). Records of 5 – 6 annual generations in Japan (Xie et al. 1998) may also concern C. albipes or Chaoborus sp. (see below). Very common in dystrophic, eutrophic, or turbid lakes and may attain high densities, up to tens of thousands per square metre in bottom samples (Stahl 1966 a; 1966 b; Parma 1971 a; Liljendahl-Nurminen et al. 2002). Fourth instar larvae perform diel vertical migrations, i. e., being present in the sediment or hypolimnion during day and epilimnion during night (Valle 1930; Berg 1937; Parma 1971 a; Sikorowa 1973). Larvae penetrate the sediment (Gosselin & Hare 2003) and may also feed there (Parma 1971 a). Most of the feeding occurs at night in the epilimnion where larvae prey upon planktic crustaceans (Sikorowa 1973; Jäger et al. 2011). In ponds of riverine flood-plains, larvae can be present in shallow water close to shore and devour young Ochlerotatus mosquito larvae (JS pers. obs.). Larvae respond to the presence of fish via chemical cues (Dawidowicz et al. 1990) and are photophobic (orient to darkness) (Parma 1971 a). Fourth instar larvae overwinter and pupation in lake populations occurs typically in mid or late summer (Berg 1937). Pupae also perform vertical migrations (Parma 1971 a). Adults emerge on the surface at night and live about 1 – 4 days (Parma 1971 a, Sikorowa 1973). Males may form large swarms in the lake shores around sunset (Berg 1937). Females lay eggs in roundish, floating egg masses and a female may lay only one batch of eggs (ca. 300 eggs, Sikorowa 1973). Ovipositing females do not discriminate between lentic habitats with or without fish (Berendonk 1999). First instar larvae hatch from the eggs within a few days and remain mainly in the surface waters during the first three instars (Parma 1971 a; Sikorowa 1973). Fourth instar larvae finally aggregate to the deepest parts of the lake and may be present in lake bottoms of several tens of meters deep (Bardenfleth & Ege 1916). From late autumn to spring larvae hibernate in bottom sediments (Kajak & Rybak 1979). Larvae can also be present in fishless ponds (Sikorowa 1973; Garcia & Mittelbach 2008), but at least in some regions, these ponds are close to larger water bodies (JS pers. obs., Borkent 1981). Larvae of pond populations are usually somewhat larger and darker than those in lakes (Sikorowa 1973; JS pers. obs.). The species is also reported to occur in temporary ponds (Peus 1934; Kuper & Verberk 2011; Arranz et al. 2015), but these are results of the spill-over of larvae from adjacent water bodies (Borkent 1979) and ovipositing females from permanent populations (Berendonk & Bonsall 2002). Pond populations of C. flavicans emerge in late May or early June in Finland, and in late April in Poland (Sikorowa 1973). In Finland, C. flavicans is generally very rare or absent from chaoborid communities of fishless ponds. There is evidence that the larger and dominant species C. obscuripes (Palaearctic) may displace C. flavicans from fishless water bodies (Wissel & Benndorf 1998). However, C. flavicans and C. obscuripes may coexist if the water body is deep enough to permit spatial segregation of the two species (Hongve 1975).
description
Redescription. Adult male. Head light brown, bearing pale setae. Non – setose area of occiput whitish, frontal macula bare. Antennal flagellomeres pale. Length of penultimate flagellomere 281 (262 – 296, n = 11), apical flagellomere 239 (214 – 257, n = 9), penultimate / apical 1.18 (1.04 – 1.36, n = 9). Lengths of palpal segments 2 – 5 (n = 10 except 5 th palpal segment n = 8): 111 (101 – 129), 218 (201 – 248), 196 (174 – 222), 370 (331 – 409). Thorax. Scutum with orange – dark brown scutellar stripes; ground color straw yellow – light grayish, setae pale (Fig. 3 a, b). Scutellum and mediotergite orange – dark brown. Coloration of pleuron composed of pale and dark areas: ventral part of katepisternum about as dark as scutellar stripes; antepronotal lobe, postpronotum, anepimeron, part of metanepisternum and part of anepisternum slightly darkened, halteres whitish (Fig. 4). Thoracic setae (n = 5, except katepisternal and postpronotal n = 4): antepronotal lobe 32 (25 – 36), postpronotal 5 (4 – 5), proepisternal 8 (7 – 8), katepisternal 4 (3 – 4), anepisternal 11 (8 – 15), anepimeron 8 (4 – 10), supra – alar 2 (2 – 3). Legs pale – straw yellow, apical tarsomeres slightly darkened. Foreleg, lengths of fe, ti and ta 1 – ta 5 (n = 10): fe 1737 (1517 – 1922), ti 1865 (1559 – 2097), t 1 787 (650 – 901), t 2 496 (420 – 557), t 3 398 (332 – 455), t 4 264 (210 – 307), t 5 193 (169 – 219). Midleg, lengths of fe, ti and ta 1 – ta 5 (n = 10): fe 1606 (1445 – 1802), ti 1558 (1353 – 1902), t 1 665 (557 – 815), t 2 426 (358 – 547), t 3 342 (301 – 429), t 4 220 (197 – 281), t 5 181 (155 – 197). Hind leg, lengths of fe, ti and ta 1 – ta 5 (n = 8): fe 2002 (1875 – 2198), ti 1903 (1722 – 2107), t 1 1102 (989 – 1199), t 2 621 (563 – 698), t 3 442 (408 – 481), t 4 246 (229 – 271), t 5 192 (169 – 205). Wing (n = 10). Length 3862 (3394 – 4170), width 884 (771 – 952), length / width 4.38 (3.71 – 4.57); fork of R 2 + 3 423 (330 – 490), fork of M 1 + 2 402 (322 – 476), R 3 1302 (1149 – 1539), M 1 1113 (988 – 1226), number of setae on squama 35 (30 – 42, n = 9). Abdomen. Ground color of tergites pale yellowish or grayish, first tergite brownish, brown basal band of second tergite very wide, with a median lobe, third – fifth tergites with a subapical brown band, median lobe modest; bases of setae with a dark ring (Fig. 5 a). Hypopygium (Fig. 6). Gonocoxite most often yellowish brown, rarely dark brown, length 534 (477 – 655), width 169 (141 – 199), length / width 3.05 (2,37 – 3,46), n = 9); gonostylus brown – dark brown, rather narrow, length 428 (364 – 462), width 31 (27 – 36), length / width 13.74 (11.86 – 16, n = 10); paramere usually bicolorous, basal part pale, apical claw infuscated, in some specimens dark all over; medially bent and constricted; apical claw rather narrow, slightly curved (viewed from above) (Fig. 6 b – e, 8 a); subapical crest present or absent; if present may vary in width (Fig. 7); length 141 (118 – 160, n = 9). Adult female. In general similar to male, with usual sexual differences. Penultimate flagellomere (152 – 180, n = 2), apical flagellomere (195 – 206, n = 2), penultimate / apical 0.78 – 0.87. Lengths of palpal segments 2 – 5 (n = 3 except 5 th palpal segment n = 1): 117 (109 – 129), 224 (207 – 236), 208 (188 – 219), 401. Thoracic setae (n = 2): antepronotal lobe 31 – 37, postpronotal 7, proepisternal 7 – 9, katepisternal 7 – 8, anepisternal 18 – 19, anepimeron 15 – 17, supra – alar 2. Wing length 4503 (4263 – 4701), width 1216 (1167 – 1303), length / width 3.71 (3.49 – 3.99); fork of R 2 + 3 391 (348 – 467), fork of M 1 + 2 396 (326 – 450), R 3 1698 (1682 – 1723), M 1 1512 (1478 – 1558), number of setae on squama 43 (26 – 53) (n = 3). Foreleg, lengths of fe, ti and ta 1 – ta 5 (n = 1 – 2): fe 1845 – 1893, ti 1898 – 1993, t 1 930, t 2 556, t 3 441, t 4 292, t 5 212. Midleg, lengths of fe, ti and ta 1 – ta 5 (n = 3): fe 1671 (1576 – 1753), ti 1573 (1458 – 1694), t 1 713 (665 – 712), t 2 426 (409 – 446), t 3 298 (251 – 323), t 4 236 (222 – 250), t 5 195 (183 – 199). Hind leg, lengths of fe, ti and ta 1 – ta 5 (n = 3): fe 2085 (1887 – 2298), ti 2082 (1903 – 2200), t 1 1196 (1140 – 1239), t 2 664 (635 – 700), t 3 459 (443 – 485), t 4 271 (244 – 301), t 5 215 (203 – 231). Abdominal tergites (Fig. 5 b) 3 – 5 with relatively wide subapical bands, median lobes wider than in males. Pupa. Thoracic respiratory organ constricted subapically, either slender (pond populations, Fig. 9 a, length 1034 (920 – 1181), width 250 (207 – 282), length / width 4.16 (3.8 – 4.47, n = 8 )) or voluminous (lake populations, Fig. 9 b, length 1108 (1011 – 1364), width 401 (386 – 413), length / width 2.75 (2.47 – 3.3), n = 4). Lateral ribs of terminal processes brown to light brown, mid rib brown to dark brown; in lake-dwelling specimens all ribs may be pale. IV instar larva. Mandibular fan bristles 13 (11 – 15, n = 24). Apices of mandibular teeth 1, 2 and 4 darkened, otherwise pale, especially in lake-dwelling populations; in pond populations tips may be more extensively darkened, including tooth 3 (Fig. 10 a, b). Average number of lateral teeth 4.3 (3 – 6, n = 23), uppermost tooth smaller than mandibular tooth 3 (Fig. 9 a, b). Labral blade (Fig. 10 c) almost always serrated, length 276 (245 – 327), width 59 (48 – 68), length / width 4.72 (3.77 – 5.95, n = 25). Length of antenna 543 (477 – 670, n = 24). Number of anal fan setae 23 (20 – 26, n = 23). Anal hook pale – brown in color. DNA barcoding. Chaoborus flavicans was the most genetically divergent member of the complex, being over 30 % divergent from the most closely related congener (Table 1). The average pairwise tree distance of sequences (intra) for this species was modest at 2.4 %. However, this average was inflated by the presence of differentiated geographic clades (Nearctic and Palearctic; Fig. 15). The most basal sequence of C. flavicans was from Japan where the divergence was 7 % from Holarctic C. flavicans. These geographic clades presumably resulted from survival in separate Pleistocene glacial refugia (although the more divergent Japanese lineage may predate the Pleistocene). There was regional variation within the Palaearctic (Fig. 15). The barcoded Japanese specimen forms a unique BIN in BOLD (BOLD: AEF 3847), that is 4.28 % (K 2 P) distant from the nearest Palaearctic C. flavicans specimen. Palaearctic haplotype subgroups formed two BIN clusters in BOLD, BOLD: ACB 8413 and BOLD: ADT 7895. The members of the former were mainly from ponds and small lakes, collected from Finland, Estonia, Norway, Germany, Kazakhstan and China, while the latter was composed of Finnish and South Korean specimens mostly from large, thermally stratified lakes. Nearctic specimens clustered in a single BIN (BOLD: AAG 5462). The probability of identification of C. flavicans from barcoding information alone was high (97 %).
discussion
Comments. Adults of C. flavicans are typically relatively light in their coloration. Scutellar stripes and adjoining integument are orange-brown or light brown, ground coloration is pale yellow or straw yellow, and pleural sclerites follow the same pattern. Abdominal tergites are yellowish brown with darker subapical bands on tergites 2 – 5. Based on these color patterns, adult specimens can be identified to species with high confidence. However, some specimens are darker, and for example, thoracic markings approach black in color (Fig. 4) and abdominal tergites are more uniformly darker. Parameres of adult males are medially bent and constricted, with the apical claw dark and relatively narrow. Pupae of C. flavicans are hard to separate from those of C. albipes, especially among pond populations that have slender respiratory organs. Larvae of C. flavicans are unique in the possession of small lateral mandibular teeth. Additional measurements from larvae and pupae are available e. g. from Parma (1969), Saether (1967) and Sikorowa (1973). Saether (1967) was the first to study the variation of C. flavicans in a Holarctic context. His study was mainly based on larvae and pupae, but the parameres of adult males were also examined. First of all, Saether synonymised C. alpinus with C. flavicans but he named three forms, flavicans, alpinus and infuscatus. These forms should display differences especially in larval coloration, shape of pupal respiratory organ, and shape and coloration of male paramere (as “ genital sclerite ”). However, as Saether himself discusses, these characters are mostly overlapping and at least partly influenced by the environment. It should also be noted that the material studied by Saether was treated in KOH, which may obscure coloration patterns (Borkent 1979). Saether did not explicitly assign the studied specimens to these forms, but it may be deduced that f. flavicans and f. alpinus are European and f. infuscatus is North American. Above all, it may be assumed that all specimens studied by Saether (1967) actually belong to C. flavicans, not to the two other species covered in the present revision. This is due to the shape of parameres depicted by him and the fact that specimens were mostly collected from larger lakes, not from ponds. Thus, Saether’s study provides a good source to assess intraspecific variation of C. flavicans, especially for measurements of specific structures and numbers of setae. Among the characters, the pupal respiratory organ and male paramere are particularly discussed as follows because these are otherwise important in Chaoborus taxonomy (e. g. Martini 1929; Peus 1934; Berg 1937; Saether 1970; Borkent 1979). The forms that Saether (1967) described differ in some regards. The respiratory organ is present either as a slender (f. flavicans) or a broad form (f. alpinus, infuscatus) (Fig. 9 a, b), and its function is to keep the pupa in upright position in the water (A. Borkent pers. comm.) and provide stability during emergence (Parma 1971 a). The f. infuscatus may have strong spicules on the whole surface and in f. alpinus these spicules are apparently lacking. Broad or voluminous respiratory organs are present in lake populations. In contrast, slender organs are present in pond populations, such as among the pupae described by Peus (1934) from the inundation pools along large rivers in Germany (see also Saether 1967, table 2). Organ volume may be affected by environmental conditions such as wave action (i. e., phenotypic plasticity). In smaller lentic waters, slender organs may suffice for safe emergence. On the other hand, organ width may be a genetically fixed trait. Finally, presence or absence of spicules in the two forms may be at least partly artefactual in nature. If one looks at the surface of the organs with high magnification, it can be seen that such spicules are indeed present on slender organs; instead of protruding, the spicules are appressed to the lamina. The subapical crest of the male paramere may be present (f. alpinus) or absent (f. flavicans, infuscatus); if present, it may vary in size (Peus 1938; Saether 1967). Among the material studied in this revision, the presence of a crest is the prevailing character, and we agree that its size may vary (Fig. 7). However, unlike in Saether (1967), the crest was also present in Nearctic specimens. One male from northern Norway (Kautokeino) possessed the paramere of the f. infuscatus (dark, crest absent) type. Chaoborus flavicans parameres figured by Cook (1956) actually depict C. albipes, and thus Saether’s comment, in reference to Cook (1956), “ without having a wing-like crest ” for Nearctic specimens is not valid. It should also be noted that the paramere is a complex structure, and its position on the slide or angle to the viewer may influence whether the crest is visible or not. We thus conclude that the formae and their traits presented by Saether are geographically vastly overlapping and bear only limited or minimal taxonomic importance. Sikorowa (1973), among other things, studied the larval instars and intraspecific variation of C. flavicans in Poland. According to her results, pond and lake populations differ in some larval characters. For example, larvae from lakes are more transparent than those from ponds, which is at least partly explained by the algal growth in the cuticula of pond-dwelling specimens (Sikorowa 1973, p. 15). Moreover, pond larvae are larger than lake larvae (Sikorowa 1973, table 3). However, Sikorowa also examined the presence / absence of the subapical crest of male parameres between pond and lake populations. This data is not quantified, but she states that the subapical crest may be present in both populations, and despite differences in larval characters, this variation should be considered as intraspecific.
distribution
Distribution. The species has a broad Holarctic range. It is widely distributed in the Nearctic Region, despite hitherto confusion with C. albipes (e. g. in Cook 1956; Borkent 1981). In the Palaearctic it occurs from Ireland to Japan and from northern Fennoscandia and western Russia to Italy, Sardinia and Spain (this study, Aitken 1954; Wende et al. 2006; Arranz et al. 2015; Andersen & Kvifte 2012).
materials_examined
Material examined. Type material. Holotype male. [“ Corethra flavicans ³ ”] (handwritten), [“ ISI 40 ”] (handwritten), [“ MNHN, Paris ED 946 ”], pinned (MNHN). Type locality: Germany (Giles 1902, Borkent 2014). The holotype is pinned, in relatively good condition, tip of abdomen missing. Not studied, high quality photos on labels and specimen available at https: // science. mnhn. fr / taxon / species / chaoborus / flavicans. Lectotype male of Chaoborus eluthera (Fig. 1). [“ Chaoborus ” “ eluthera ” “ Dyar & Snn. ” “ Potlatch, Ida. ” “ 6.20, 1907 ” “ J. M. Aldrich. ” “ 2032 ” (handwritten)]. [“ USNM ENT 1240508 ” (printed)]. The hypopygium of the lectotype male (Fig. 1 a, b) is slide mounted. Designated by Alan Stone in Belkin et al. (1966). * note. Type material of C. alpinus was requested from various institutes and museums in Germany and Canada. It is mentioned in the original description that specimens were deposited in the collection of the author (Peus). It is likely, that Saether (1967, p. 573) studied the type specimens, because ” Professor Dr. FRITZ PEUS kindly sent me his preparations from the inundation pools of the Oder (Neumark, Bellinchen) and the Rhine (Karlsruhe), and from Lake Eibsee ”, Eibsee being the type locality of the species. Besides Saether, there are no other mention of the type specimens in the literature, except Borkent (1993, 2014) stating that their location is unknown. Other material. Finland. Ab: Naantali, Tiensuu leg. 12. VIII. 1939, 1 female pinned, GV. 50520 (MZH). Lohja, A. Luther leg. 23. VI. 1901, 1 male pinned, GV. 50509; 1 female pinned, GV. 50510; 1 female pinned, GV. 50511; 1 female pinned, GV. 50512 (MZH). Lohja, S. Lindberg leg. 1. VIII. 1927, 1 male pinned, GV. 50513 (MZH). Lohja, Forsius leg. no date, 1 male, GV. 50514 (MZH). Karjalohja, R. Frey leg. no date, 1 female pinned, GV. 50508 (MZH). Salo, Märy, Paasivirta L. leg. 7. V. 2018, 2 larva, NVO. ins 2018 - 646 (LMM). Lohja, Kärkölä, Viitanen E. leg. 23. VIII. 2017, 5 male, parameres of 2 males on slide in glue, NVO. C 2020 - 1; 23.08.2018, 1 male, NVO. ins 2018 - 425; 3 males, 2 females, NVO. ins 2018 - 426; 1 male, wing, legs, head on slide, NVO. ins 2018 - 453; 1 male, legs, head, wings, hypopygium on slide, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 67 (LMM). N: Helsinki, Tiensuu leg. 18. VI. 1949, 1 female pinned, GV. 50514; 1 male pinned, GV. 50515; 1 male pinned, GV. 50518 (MZH). Ka: Hamina, Haukilampi, Kymijoen vesi ja ympäristö leg. 24. XI. 2015, 2 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 786; NVO. CUL- 2019 - 73, 1 larva, BOLD (LMM). Hamina, Kannusjärvi, Ketola M. leg. 1. X. 2014, 15 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 791 (LMM). Rajala, Saima kanal, von Adelung N. leg. July 1907, 1 male pinned, GV. 50519 (MZH). Ta: Iitti, Arrajärvi, Ketola M. leg. 9. X. 2014, 15 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 788; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 69; 1 larva, head & tail on slide, torso EtOH, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 70 (LMM). Iitti, Märkjärvi, Ketola M. leg. 2. X. 2014, 15 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 790; 1 larva on slide, BOLD, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 71; 1 larva on slide, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 72 (LMM). Iitti, Urajärvi, Ketola M. leg. 3. X. 2014, 15 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 792 (LMM). Kouvola, Sompanen, Ketola M. leg. 29. IX. 2014, 15 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 789 (LMM). Hämeenlinna, Ilmoilanselkä, Hämeen ELY leg. 19. X. 2018, 5 larvae, NVO. PM 2019 - 01 (LMM). Sysmä, Nuoramoisjärvi, Hämeen ELY leg. 9. X. 2018, 10 larvae, NVO. PM 2019 - 02 (LMM). Loppi, Punelia, Hämeen ELY leg. 6. XI. 2018, 10 larvae, NVO. PM 2019 - 03 (LMM). Asikkala, Urajärvi, Hämeen ELY leg. 9. X. 2018, 8 larvae, NVO. PM 2019 - 04 (LMM). Urjala, Pihlajamäki, Vantanen P. leg. 18. V. 2018, 4 larvae 1 pupa, NVO. ins 2018 - 222; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 602; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 603; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 604; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 605; 1 larva on slide, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 74 (LMM). Urjala, Kankaantausta, Vantanen P. leg 02. VI. 2018, 3 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 228; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 606; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 607 (LMM). Urjala, Kankaanmäki, Härmä O. leg. 30. V. 2019, 1 male e. p., pupa exuviae, legs, wings, head, hypopygium on slide; torso EtOH, NVO. CHA 047 (LMM). Jokioinen, Luodesuo, Korventie, Härmä O. leg. 28. V. 2019, 1 male, NVO. CHA 087 (LMM); 11. IV. 2020, 3 larvae, LG. 6280 (FLHM). Jokioinen, Kuoppatie, Härmä O. leg. 27. III. 2020, 1 male e. l., LG. 6135 (FLHM). Somero, Piilammi, Härmä O. leg. 18. IV. 2020, 1 larva, LG. 6159 (FLHM). Tammela, Purinsuo 1, Härmä O. leg. 21. IV. 2020, 1 larva, LG. 6195 (FLHM). Tammela, Saarijärvi S, Härmä O. leg. 21. IV. 2020, 1 larva (FLHM). Hollola, Silmälammi, Kolcsár L. - P. leg. 01. VIII. 2018, 1 male, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 63 (LMM). Orivesi, Laajaanlahti, Salmela J. leg., 15. VII. 2020, 1 male e. l., larva skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 129; 1 male e. l., larva skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 130; 1 female e. l., larva skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 134 (LMM). Orivesi, Peräjärvi, Westerling P. & Väisänen A. leg. 4. XII. 2017, 1 larva, NVO. ins 2018 - 248 (LMM). Orivesi, Horhanpuro, Westerling P. & Väisänen A. leg. 4. XII. 2017, 1 larva, NVO. ins 2018 - 249 (LMM). Pälkäne, Rautajärvi, Mattila K. leg. 22. VII. – 28. VII. 2018, 1 female, NVO. ins 2018 - 455 (LMM). Tb: Jyväskylä, Tellervonkatu, Linjama T. leg. 10. VIII. – 12. VIII. 2018, 7 males, NVO. ins 2018 - 209. Sa: Punkaharju, Tiensuu leg. 1950, 1 male pinned, GV. 50517 (MZH). Sb: Rautalampi, Pääskylampi, Salmela J. leg. 8. V. 2019, 1 larva, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 38 (LMM). Oa: Lappajärvi, Lappajärvi, Konttinen R. leg. 13. IX. 2017, 15 larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 247; 1 larva, NVO. ins 2018 - 611; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 612; 1 larva, NVO. ins 2018 - 613; 1 larva, NVO. ins 2018 - 614; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 615 (LMM). Ok: Kuhmo, Ontojärvi, Kantola L. leg. 4. IX. 1984, 4 larva, NVO. chao 31, NVO. chao 32 (LMM). Kajaani, Nuasjärvi Kantola L. & Tikkanen P. leg. 17. IX. 1984, 2 larvae, NVO. chao 36 (LMM). Suomussalmi, Vuokkijärvi, Kantola L. & Tikkanen P. leg. 12. IX. 1984, 7 larvae, NVO. chao 87 (LMM). Suomussalmi, Vuokkijärvi, Kantola L. & Tikkanen P. leg. 13. IX. 1984, 10 larvae, NVO. chao 89 (LMM). Hyrynsalmi, Latvajärvi, Kolcsár L. - P. leg. 10. VIII. 2018, 1 male, legs, wings, head, hypopygium on slide; torso EtOH, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 61 (LMM). Kuhmo, Roukonpuro, Kolcsár L. - P. leg. 9. VIII. 2018, 4 males, 1 female, NVO. ins 2018 - 62 (LMM). Kuhmo, Kolcsár L. - P. leg. 08. VIII. 2018, 4 males, 2 females, hypopygium of one male on slide, NVO. ins 2018 - 67 (LMM). Kuhmo, Hankaranta, Kolcsár, L-P leg. 08. VIII. 2018, 1 male, mid and hind legs, head, wings, hypopygium on slide, torso in EtOH, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 66 (LMM). Kuhmo, Roukonpuro, Kolcsár, L-P leg. 09. VIII. 2018, 1 male, hind leg, head, wings, hypopygium on slide, torso EtOH, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 68 (LMM). Obb: Ylitornio, Selkäsaari, Salmela J. leg. 10. VI. 2019, 1 female, reared, pupa exuviae in on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 265. Ylitornio, Niittysaari, Salmela J. leg. 10. VI. 2019, 1 male, reared, pupa exuviae mid and forelegs, wings, head, hypopygium on slide, BOLD, NVO. LMM-el- 268 (LMM). Rovaniemi, Erkinlampi, Salmela J. leg. 13. VIII. 2019,1 larva II instar, NVO. LMM-el- 566 (LMM). Rovaniemi, Hyypiökivalo, Salmela J. leg. 13. VIII. 2019, 3 larvae, NVO. LMM-el- 568; 8 larva NVO. LMM-el- 595; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. CUL- 2019 - 77; 11. IX. 2019, 1 pupa, reared, NVO. CH 2020 - 1 (LMM). Rovaniemi, Hietaperänlampi, Salmela J. leg. 13. VIII. 2019, 2 larvae, NVO. LMMel- 569; 5 larvae, NVO. LMM-el- 587 (LMM). Rovaniemi, Veitsikangas, Salmela J. leg. 13. VIII. 2019, 1 larva, NVO. LMM-el- 572 (LMM); 4 larvae, NVO. LMM-el- 591; 1 larva, head & tail on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 613; 1 larva, head & tail on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 614; 1 larva, head & tail on slide, BOLD, NVO. LMM-el- 615; 27. V. 2020, 1 male e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 84; 1 male e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 88; 1 female e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 103 (LMM). Rovaniemi, Koivusaari, Salmela J. leg. 7. VI. 2019, 1 female, reared, NVO. LMM-el- 586 (LMM). Rovaniemi, Kuusilampi, Salmela J. leg. 9. VI. 2020, 1 male e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 115; 1 male e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 118; 1 male e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 126 (LMM); 1 larva, 1 pupa (ABC). Rovaniemi, Varjakanlammit, Salmela J. leg. 27. VII. 2019, 3 larvae, NVO. LMM-el- 609; Salmela J. leg. 26. V. 2020,1 male e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, adult pinned, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 80; 1 male e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 82; 1 male e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 85; 1 female e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 87; 1 male e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMMel- 20 - 89; 1 female e. l., larval skin and pupal exuviae on slide, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 90; 1 pupa e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 93; 1 male e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 94; 1 female e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 95; 1 female e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 96; 1 male & 1 female e. p., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 97; 1 pupa e. l., LMM-el- 20 - 98; 1 female e. l., NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 100 (LMM); 2 males e. p. (ABC). Lkoc: Kittilä, Lompola, Salmela J. leg. 27. VII. 2019, 1 larva, head & tail on slide, BOLD, NVO. LMM-el- 603 (LMM). Lkor: Savukoski, Nimetönselkä, Laine E. leg. 10. VII. 2018, 1 larva II instar, NVO. EML 2018 - 02; 1 larva II instar, NVO. EML 2018 - 03; 1 larva II instar, NVO. EML 2018 - 04; 1 larva II instar, NVO. EML 2018 - 05; 1 larva II instar, NVO. ins 2019 - 162 (LMM). Li: Ivalo, R. Frey leg. 1911, 1 male pinned, GV. 50522; 1 male pinned, GV. 50525; 1 male pinned, GV. 50526; 1 male pinned, GV. 50527; 1 male pinned, GV. 50528; 1 male pinned, GV. 50529; 1 male pinned, GV. 50530; 1 male pinned, GV. 50531; 1 male pinned GV. 50535; 1 male pinned, GV. 50537; 1 male pinned, GV. 50540; 1 male pinned, GV. 50546; 1 male pinned GV. 50547 (MZH). Inari, Iso-Söimi, Salmela J. leg., 29. VI. 2020, 1 pupa, NVO. LMM-el- 20 - 128 (LMM). Utsjoki, Geaidnogeachi, Salmela J. leg., 17. VII. 2018, 3 II-III instar larvae, NVO. ins 2018 - 485; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 637; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 638; 1 larva, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 639 (LMM). Norway. Hordaland (Hoy), Bergen, Milde, Mildevatnet, G. Kvifte & M. Stokkan leg. 21. - 24. VIII. 2008, 3 males Euparal (ZMBN). Buskerud, Fla, 37, J. P. Nilssen leg., no date, 1 larva III instar on slide (CNC). Ak, Hurdal, Röystrejnet, 32 V PM 127 980; EIS 37, 190 masl, K. M. Olsen leg. 19. V. 2003, 2 larvae, J. nr. 32577 (KMO). AK, Nesodden, Kvistemyrdammen, 32 VNM 897264, 19 masl, K. M. Olsen leg. 24. V. 2007, 5 larvae, 3 pupae, J. nr. KMO 40587 (KMO). Finnmark, Kautokeino, Lahpoluoppal, 69.20992 N 23.757661 E, 320 masl, Finnmarksprosjektet leg. 25. VI. - 9. VII. 2010, 1 male Euparal (ZMBN). Finnmark, Sør-Varanger, Pasvik, Russevann, 69.44497 N 29.89904 E, 60 masl, Finnmarksprosjektet leg. 19. - 24. VI. 2010, 19 males on slides (ZMBN). Estonia. Rakujärv, Kolcsár L. - P. leg., 28. VII. 2018, 1 male, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 64 (LMM). Germany. Borken, Jugdenburg Castle, 51.83 6.85, stat. no. 30, A. Borkent leg., 20. VIII. 1978, 1 larva (CNC). Brandenburg, Prignitz, Lenzen / Elbe, 53.1122 11.5383, Rulik B. leg. 13. VI. 2014, 1 male, ZFMK-TIS- 2526022; 1 male, ZFMK-TIS- 2526023; 1 female, ZFMK-TIS- 2526026; 1 female, ZFMK-TIS- 2526028 (ZFMK). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Nationalpark Müritz, Boek, 53.42508 12.77963, Heller K. leg. 13. VI. 2015, 1 female, ZFMK-TIS- 2555532 (ZFMK). Hessen, Sinntal, 50.27362 9.65287, J. Kappert leg. 13. VI. 2017, 1 male, ZFMK-TIS- 2601121; 1 male, ZFMK-TIS- 2588956; 1 male, ZFMK-TIS- 2606370 (ZFMK). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Insel Rügen, Kniepow, 54.35 13.35, ZFMK Malaise Trap Program leg. 26. VII. 2014, 1 male, BOLD, GBOL- 224104746; BOLD, GBOL- 224101338; BOLD, GBOL- 224101362; BOLD, GBOL- 224101369; 9.6.2014, 1 male, BOLD, GBOL- 224101392; 21. VI. 2014, 1 female, BOLD, GBOL- 224105295; BOLD, GBOL- 224105462; BOLD, GBOL- 224105498 (ZFMK). Poland. Lake near Olsztyn, A. Sikorowa leg. 14. V. 1965, 2 larvae on slide, 32 (CNC). Lake Mubek near Olsztyn, A. Sikorowa leg. 20. VI. 1963, 1 larva on slide (MZH). Kazakhstan. Lake Kushmurun, Salokannel J. leg. 09. VIII. 2018, 1 female, BOLD, NVO. ins 2018 - 460 (LMM). Russia. Petsamo, Hellen leg. no date, 1 male, GV. 50523 (MZH). Japan. Shikoku, Matsuyama, Kolcsár L. - P. leg 23. IV. 2019, 1 male, BOLD, NVO. C 2020 - 2; 1 male, NVO. C 2020 - 3; 2 females, NVO. C 2020 - 4 (LMM). Shikoku, Matsuyama, T. Ishihara leg. 21. IV. 1952, 1 female, pinned (ELEU). Tarumi, Matsuyama, T. Ishihara leg. 2. V. 1952, 5 females pinned (ELEU). Honsu, Niigata, Matsunoyama-Kannonji, Kato D. leg. 13. VIII. 2020, 1 male, NVO. JAP- 08; 1 male, NVO. JAP- 10 (LMM). Canada. Alberta, Siler Lake (unclear handwriting), McMillan & Smith leg. 14. VII. 1970, 2 larvae III instar on slide; 1 larva II instar on slide; 1 larva IV instar on slide (CNC). Alberta, near Fort Chipewyan, 58 ° 43 ʹN 111 ° 09 ʹW, D. N. Gallup leg. June-July 1971, 1 larva on slide (CNC). Alberta, Wabumun Lake, 53 ° 33 ʹN 114 ° 29 ʹW, J. Rasmussen leg. 15. V. 1972, 1 larva on slide (CNC). Ontario, Kenora, L. 120, 49.75 - 93.98, G. J. Brunskill leg. 13. V. 1969, emerged 22. V. 1969, 1 larva, pupa exuviae, male, (same specimen) on slide, 31 (CNC). Ontario, Marmora, 44.48 - 77.68, J. R. Vockeroth leg. 4. VI. 1952, 1 male on slide, 40; 7. VI. 1952, 1 male pinned, hypopygium in glycerol; 11. VI. 1952, 7 males pinned, 1 hypopygium in glycerol; 13. VI. 1952, 1 male pinned; 10. VI. 1952, 1 male pinned (CNC). Ontario, Kenora, ELA 0.132.2, 49.75 - 93.98, collector unknown 3. VI. 1968, 1 female on slide, 0 - 132 - 2 (CNC). NWT, Mackenzie delta (NWT Pipeline Limnology Project), 68.45 - 135.49, N. Snow leg. 19. IV. 1972, 5 larvae, 3 in EtOH, 2 on slide, L. 7 - D (6) (CNC). NWT, Fort Simpson (NWT Pipeline Limnology Project), 61.85 - 121.46, Crocker leg. no date, 1 larva in EtOH, RRI- 11 S 190572 DN (CNC). Ontario, N. Burgess Twp., Lanark Co., 44.80 - 76.28, D. M. Wood leg. 25. VI. 1967, 1 male pinned hypopygium in glycerol (CNC). Manitoba, Riding Mountain NP, 50.657 - 99.974, 617 masl, BIObus leg. 12. VII. 2008, 1 male, BOLD, 08 BBDIP- 1924 (CBG). Manitoba, Riding Mountain NP, 50.65 - 99.94, 582 masl, BIObus leg. 6. VII. 2008, 1 male, BOLD, 08 BBDIP- 2630 (CBG). British Columbia, Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, Near McDonald Campground, 48.673 - 123.429, 0 masl, R. Walker & J. Mercer leg. 7. VII. 2012, BOLD, BIOUG 03103 - B 03; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03103 - B 06; 15.6.2012, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 06622 - F 03; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 06622 - F 05; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 06622 - F 09; 23. VII. 2012, 1 male, BIOUG 06622 - G 02; 2.8.2012, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 06622 - G 05 (CBG). Alberta, Elk Island National Park, Astotin Lake, 53.685 - 112.86, 719 masl, S. Church leg. 29. VI. 2012, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03291 - E 03; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03291 - F 11; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03291 - G 04; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 03291 - G 11; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 03291 - H 06; 27. VII. 2012, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03624 - G 11; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03624 - G 12; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03624 - H 01; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03624 - H 03; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 03624 - H 06 (CBG). Prince Edward Island, Prince Edward Island National Park, Woodland Trail / Long Point, 46.4123 - 63.085, 6 masl, P. Ayles leg. 26. VI. 2013, 1 male, BIOUG 10377 - H 10, (CBG). Nova Scotia, New Glasgow, EQP-CLL- 558, 45.567 - 62.634, 33 masl, E. Stewart leg. 03.10.2014, 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 16032 - D 09; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 16032 - E 06 (CBG). British Columbia, Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, North Pender Island, Roe Lake Trail, 48.781 - 123.301, 108 masl, BIObus leg. 22. VI. 2014, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 23518 - B 10; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 23518 - D 01; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 23518 - D 10; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 23518 - G 06; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 23518 - H 10 (CBG). British Columbia, Victoria, 48.5197 - 123.43, 63 masl, D. Faser & L. Ramsay leg. 30. VII. 2014, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 28195 - D 07; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 28195 - D 12 (CBG). Ontario, Perth, Murphy`s Point Provincial Park, 44.7812 - 76.2336, 143 masl, CBG Collections Staff leg. 19. VI. 2014, 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35181 - F 05; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35181 - F 12; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35181 - H 01; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35181 - H 04; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - A 06; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - A 07; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - A 11; 1 male, BIOUG 35187 - B 03; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - B 11; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - B 12; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - D 04; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - D 06; 1 male, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - D 10; 1 female, BOLD, BIOUG 35187 - F 07 (CBG). USA. Arizona, Walker L., Green J. leg. 29. VII. 1982, 1 larva on slide (CNC).
Name
- Synonyms
- Chaoborus (Chaoborus) elethera Edwards 1932
- Chaoborus (Chaoborus) flavicans : Edwards 1932
- Chaoborus alpinus Peus 1938
- Chaoborus eluthera Dyar & Shannon 1924
- Corethra flavicans (Meigen) Meigen 1830
- Corethra plumicornis " (Valle 1936
- Sayomyia albipes (Johannsen) : Felt 1904
- Sayomyia flavicans Theobald 1905
- Sayomyia rotundifolia Felt 1904
- Homonyms
- Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen 1830)
- Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen 1830)
- Chaoborus (Chaoborus) flavicans : Edwards 1932
- Chaoborus (Chaoborus) flavicans : Cook 1956